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IMG1034 Abdominal sonography > week 13- GI tract > Flashcards

week 13- GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

most common feature of bowel disease. May be diffuse, circumferential, or segmental

A

thickening of the bowel wall

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2
Q

Submucosal edema with thickening demonstrates ____ echogenicity of the bowel wall.

A

decreased

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3
Q

alimentary canal consists of:

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, and Small and Large intestines

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4
Q

another name for the GI tract

A

alimentary canal

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5
Q

pathway of the alimentary canal

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small bowel
  • large bowel
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6
Q

accessory digestive glands

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
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7
Q

esophagus begins at the level of the ___

A

cricoid cartilage

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8
Q

continuation of the pharynx, terminates at the stomach

A

esophagus

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9
Q

esophagus travels ___ to trachea and pierces through the diaphragm

A

posteriorly

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10
Q

the terminal esophagus is __ to the left love of the liver

A

posterior

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11
Q

esophagus connects with the __ at the cardiac (esophageal) orifice (GE junction)

A

stomach

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12
Q

the GE junction is anterior to and slightly lateral to the ____

A

abdominal aorta

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13
Q

most muscular structure of the GI tract

A

esophagus

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14
Q

esophagus has outer ____ muscles and inner ____ muscles

A
  • longitudinal

- circular

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15
Q

t/f: stomach is retroperitoneal organ

A

FALE

-intraperitoneal

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16
Q

all but what area on the stomach is covered by the peritoneum

A

Small area proximal to the GE junction that is in contact with the diaphragm and left adrenal gland

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17
Q

stomach is ___ to:

-diaphragm, spleen, left adrenal, superior portion of LK, pancreas, splenic flexure and trv mesocolon

A

anterior

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18
Q

what curvature of the stomach is the Right border between the esophageal and pyloric orifices

A

lesser

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19
Q

what curvature of the stomach is Left border, descends anterior to the left diaphragmatic crus and courses to the right and ascends to the pylorus

A

greater

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20
Q

___ of stomach is adjacent to the left costal margin and the anterior abdominal wall

A

body

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21
Q

pyloric orifice communicated with the ___

A

duodenum

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22
Q

what can be found right on the ML with an empty stomach, further right when the stomach is distended

A

pyloric orifice

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23
Q

the stomach is a ___ muscle organ

A

smooth

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24
Q

3 layers of the stomach

A
  1. outer longitudinal
  2. middle circular
  3. inner oblique
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25
Q

3 parts of the stomach

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. pylorus
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26
Q

3 regions of the pylorus

A
  1. antrum
  2. pyloric canal
  3. pyloric sphincter
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27
Q

greater curvature of stomach is supported by the (3)

A
  • greater omentum
  • gastrophrenic ligament
  • gastrosplenic ligament
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28
Q

lesser curvature of stomach is supported by (1)

A

gastrohepatic ligament

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29
Q

venous drainage of the stomach is tio the portal system via

A

veins parallel to the arterial vessels

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30
Q

vascularity of the stomach includes:

A
  • right gastric artery
  • phyloric & right gastroepiploic artery
  • left gastroepiploic artery
  • left gastric artery
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31
Q

muscularis externa of the stomach is composed of (3)

A
  • longitudinal layer
  • circular layer
  • oblique layer
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32
Q

3 sections of the small bowel

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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33
Q

small bowel is ___ to the abdominal wall and omentum

A

posterior

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34
Q

anterior to the spine, connected by a fold in peritoneum (mesentery)

A

small bowel

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35
Q

contained within the central and lower part of abdomen

A

small bowel

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36
Q

shortest part of small bowel

A

duodenum

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37
Q

extends from stomach to the jejunum

A

duodenum

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38
Q

duodenum separates into __ portions and forms a __ shape

A

4

C

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39
Q

The __ part of the duodenum is not fixed, the ___ are fixed to the surrounding viscera and posterior abdominal wall by mesentery

A

first

remaining

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40
Q

name of first part of duodenum

A

duodenal bulb

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41
Q

where the duodenal bulb originates

A

pylorus

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42
Q

duodenal bulb is ___ to the left lobe of the liver

A

posterior

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43
Q

a short part of the duodenal bulb is __-peritoneal

A

intra

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44
Q

1st part of duodenum (bulb) is anterior to

A

cbd
pv
gda

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45
Q

__ part of duodenum is superior to the pancreatic head

A

1st

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46
Q

what part of the duodenum courses to the right then makes a sharp curve inferiorly

A

1st part (duodenal bulb)

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47
Q

second part of the duodenum

A

descending duodenum

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48
Q

descending duodenum (2nd part) is ____-peritoneal

A

retro

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49
Q

what part of the duodenum Courses inferiorly parallel to the spine to level of L3 then makes a sharp turn medially

A

second part (descending)

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50
Q

descending duodenum is __ to the pancreatic head and ___ to the hepatic flexure

A

lateral

medial

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51
Q

where the CBD enters the descending duodenum

A

ampulla of vater

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52
Q

transverse duodenum

A

3rd part

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53
Q

what part of duodenum courses to the left anterior of the Great Vessels and terminates left of the Aorta

A

3rd part (transverse)

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54
Q

4th part of the duodenum

A

ascending duodenum

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55
Q

what part of duodenum Courses along the inferior border of the pancreas

A

ascending duodenum (4th part)

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56
Q

the ascending (4th part) duodenum curves anteriorly to join the ___

A

jejunum

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57
Q

4th part of duodenum (ascending) is surrounded by ____ fold that contains muscle fibers- the ___

A

peritoneal

suspensory ligament

58
Q

suspensory ligament

A

ligament of treitz

59
Q

what occupies the umbilical and left iliac region

A

jejunum

60
Q

jejunum is ___-peritoneal

A

intra

61
Q

occupies the umbilical, hypogastric, right iliac, and pelvic region

A

ileum

62
Q

ileum terminate by opening into the inner side of the origin of the ___

A

large bowel

63
Q

small bowel has 2 layers:

A
  • outer longitudinal

- inner circular

64
Q

the mesentery outlines the ___bowel

A

small

65
Q

what is contained in the mesentery

A
  • superior mesenteric vessels
  • nerves
  • lymphatic glands
  • fat b/w layers
66
Q

what supplies the duodenum

A

celiac trunk branches:

  • right gastric
  • gastroduodenal
  • superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
67
Q

jejunum has __ vascularity than the ileum

A

greater

68
Q

Valvulae conniventes

A

large folds of mucous membrane in jejunum that project into the lumen

69
Q

function of Valvulae conniventes & large vili in jejunum

A

slow process of food and provide greater absorption SA

70
Q

ileum has ___ walls

A

smooth

71
Q

Valvulae conniventes almost entirely disappears in

A

ileum

72
Q

ileum connects to the __ at the ileocecal orifice

A

large bowel

73
Q

colon is part of

A

large bowel

74
Q

large bowel originates in ___

A

right inguinal region

75
Q

extends from ileum to anus

A

large bowel

76
Q

large bowel has __ sectors

A

7

77
Q

below the ileocecal opening

A

cecum

78
Q

cecum is the origin of the

A

appendix

79
Q

From the right iliac fossa superiorly in the right flank to the visceral surface of the right lobe of liver

A

ascending colon

80
Q

becomes transverse colon

A

ascending colon

81
Q

transverse colon is ___ to the duodenum, crosses the abdomen

A

anterior

82
Q

becomes the descending colon

A

trv colon

83
Q

From the splenic flexure courses inferiorly along the left flank into the left iliac fossa

A

descending colon

84
Q

what crosses the pelvic brim to become the sigmoid colon

A

descending colon

85
Q

what courses midline anterior to the sacrum

A

colon, rectum, anus

86
Q

crosses the pelvic floor (levator ani muscles) to become the anal canal

A

colon, anus, rectum

87
Q

7 sections of the large bowel starting on the right

A 
cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anus
88
Q

large bowel is ___ in length and ___ in diameter than the small bowel

A

shorter

larger

89
Q

venous drainage of large bowel

A

veins that parallel the SMA branches

90
Q

vascular supply to the large bowel

A
  • SMA
  • CT
  • IMA
91
Q

ileocolic artery, right colic artery, middle colic artery are branches of ___ that supply the large bowel

A

SMA

92
Q

left colic artery, sigmoid artery, superior rectl artery are branches of __ that supply the large bowel

A

IMA

93
Q

small intestines have (2) things that the large intestines do. not have

A
  • villi

- glands in submucosa

94
Q

t/f: the GI tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body

A

true

95
Q

main functions of the GI tract

A
  • digestion

- absorption

96
Q

when food particles are broken down small enough, the nutrients pass through the walls of intestines into the __ or ___ system by absorption

A

blood

lymph

97
Q

esophagus transports food by

A

muscular contraction

98
Q

the __ esophagus is a sphincter that controls the passage of food into the stomach and prevents reflux

A

lower

99
Q

where digestion and absorption of major food products occur

A

small bowel

100
Q

stomach converts food into

A

chyme

101
Q

3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach wall enable it to mash and churn food then move it along via

A

peristalsis

102
Q

function of villi

A

-increase SI surface area for digestion and absorption

-

103
Q

what would happen without villi in SI

A

food would pass through too quickly without proper absorption

104
Q

undigested and unabsorbed food is moved into the ___

A

large bowel

105
Q

nutrients from SI are transported in the blood to the ___

A

liver

106
Q

once in the large bowel, the material is transformed from a liquid to a semi-solid from because __

A

water and electrolytes are absorbed

107
Q

where most liquid absorption occurs

A

cecum

108
Q

Elimination of contents from the digestive tract is by the process of

A

defecation

109
Q

hormone released by the stomach mucosa that stimulates the gastric glands to secrete gastric acid

A

gastrin

110
Q

gastrin contains

A
  • hydrochloric acid

- enzymes

111
Q

where does most of digestion occur

A

duodenum

112
Q

Bile and enzymes from the __ and ___ are secreted into the duodenum to act on the chyme and break down the food particles for absorption

A

liver

pancreas

113
Q

Cholecystokinin is released by ____

A

presence of fat in the intestine

114
Q

Cholecystokinin regulates ____

A

gallbladder contraction and gastric emptying

115
Q

___ is released from the small bowel to stimulate secretion of bicarbonate to decrease the acid content of the intestines

A

secretin

116
Q

The duodenal bulb is peritoneal, supported by the hepatoduodenal ligament, and passes ________________ to the common bile duct, gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and head of the pancreas.

A

anterior

117
Q

The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to enter the ____________________.
`

A

Ampulla of vater

118
Q

he arteries that supply the esophagus include the inferior ________________ branch of the ____________________ artery that supplies the upper esophagus; the descending ___________________ aorta that supplies the midesophagus; and the ______________ branch of the celiac axis and the left inferior ________________ artery of the abdominal aorta that supplies the lower end of the esophagus.

A 
Thyroid
subclavian
 thoracic
gastric
phrenic
119
Q

The nutrients are transported to the liver after they are absorbed by the _________________; the liver processes and stores the nutrients

A

blood

120
Q

The three layers of smooth muscle in the wall enable the stomach to mash and churn food and move it along with ________________.

A

peristalsis

121
Q

Gastric glands secrete gastric juice containing ________________ acid and ______________.

A
  • hydrochloric

- enzymes

122
Q

The hormone ______________ which is released by the stomach mucosa, stimulates gastric acid secretion.

A

Gastrin

123
Q

Gastrointestinal hormones include ____________ and ________________.

A

cholecystokinin

secretin

124
Q

___________________ within the large intestine devour the chyme and in turn produce vitamins that can be absorbed and used by the body.

A

bacteria

125
Q

The most common laboratory data the sonographer may come across in a patient with gastrointestinal disease relate to the presence of _________________ in the stool.

A

blood

126
Q

As a result of chronic blood loss, ___________________ may be present.

A

anemia

127
Q

The duodenum is subdivided into four segments: (1) ___________________, (2) ___________, (3) __________________, and (4) ____________________.

A

Superior
descending
transverse
ascending

128
Q

The pylorus is further subdivided into the _________________ , the __________________ canal, and the _____________________ sphincter.

A

antrum
pyloric canal
pyloric sphincter

129
Q

The lower end of the esophagus is a circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, constricting the tube so that the entrance to the stomach, at the ________________. This helps to prevent gastric acid from moving up into the esophagus.

A

cardia

130
Q

List the sequential parts of the digestive system

A

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
large intestine (cecum; ascending, transverse, and descending colon; and rectum)

131
Q

large intestine is composed of segments called

A

haustra

132
Q

The layers of the bowel wall create a characteristic sonographic appearance called a gut signature. How many layers can be visualized

A

5

133
Q

sonographic visualization of the bowel is impeded by

A

air

134
Q 
Which of the following muscles does the rectum penetrate as it travels inferiorly to become the anal canal?
A. Levator Ani
B. Iliacus
C. Piriformis
D. Obturator internus
A

a

135
Q

T/F: the of the duodenum is located within the peritoneal cavity

A

false

136
Q

T/F: Abnormal bowel loops demonstrate peristalsis and are compressible; normal loops are noncompressible

A

false

137
Q 
The esophagus begins at the pharynx and terminates at which of the following?
A. Pyloric orifice of the stomach
B. Cardiac orifice of the stomach
C. Gastric orifice of the stomach
D. Esophageal hiatus of the stomach
A

B

138
Q 
Help support the lesser curvature of the stomach
A. Gastrohepatic ligament
B. Gastrophrenic ligament
C. Gastrosplenic ligament
D. None of the above
A

A

139
Q 
Help support the greater curvature of the stomach
A. Gastrophrenic ligament
B. Gastrosplenic ligament
C. Lienorenal ligament
D. All of the above
A

D

140
Q 
Double fold of the peritoneum attached to the duodenum, stomach, and large intestine; helps support the greater curvature of the stomach known as the "fatty apron"
A. Greater omentum
B. Lesser omentum
C. Hepatic flexure
D. Muscularis
A

A

IMG1034 Abdominal sonography (9 decks)

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