week 13- GI tract Flashcards
1
Q
most common feature of bowel disease. May be diffuse, circumferential, or segmental
A
thickening of the bowel wall
2
Q
Submucosal edema with thickening demonstrates ____ echogenicity of the bowel wall.
A
decreased
3
Q
alimentary canal consists of:
A
mouth, esophagus, stomach, and Small and Large intestines
4
Q
another name for the GI tract
A
alimentary canal
5
Q
pathway of the alimentary canal
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small bowel
- large bowel
6
Q
accessory digestive glands
A
- salivary glands
- liver
- pancreas
7
Q
esophagus begins at the level of the ___
A
cricoid cartilage
8
Q
continuation of the pharynx, terminates at the stomach
A
esophagus
9
Q
esophagus travels ___ to trachea and pierces through the diaphragm
A
posteriorly
10
Q
the terminal esophagus is __ to the left love of the liver
A
posterior
11
Q
esophagus connects with the __ at the cardiac (esophageal) orifice (GE junction)
A
stomach
12
Q
the GE junction is anterior to and slightly lateral to the ____
A
abdominal aorta
13
Q
most muscular structure of the GI tract
A
esophagus
14
Q
esophagus has outer ____ muscles and inner ____ muscles
A
- longitudinal
- circular
15
Q
t/f: stomach is retroperitoneal organ
A
FALE
-intraperitoneal
16
Q
all but what area on the stomach is covered by the peritoneum
A
Small area proximal to the GE junction that is in contact with the diaphragm and left adrenal gland
17
Q
stomach is ___ to:
-diaphragm, spleen, left adrenal, superior portion of LK, pancreas, splenic flexure and trv mesocolon
A
anterior
18
Q
what curvature of the stomach is the Right border between the esophageal and pyloric orifices
A
lesser
19
Q
what curvature of the stomach is Left border, descends anterior to the left diaphragmatic crus and courses to the right and ascends to the pylorus
A
greater
20
Q
___ of stomach is adjacent to the left costal margin and the anterior abdominal wall
A
body
21
Q
pyloric orifice communicated with the ___
A
duodenum
22
Q
what can be found right on the ML with an empty stomach, further right when the stomach is distended
A
pyloric orifice
23
Q
the stomach is a ___ muscle organ
A
smooth
24
Q
3 layers of the stomach
A
- outer longitudinal
- middle circular
- inner oblique
25
3 parts of the stomach
1. fundus
2. body
3. pylorus
26
3 regions of the pylorus
1. antrum
2. pyloric canal
3. pyloric sphincter
27
greater curvature of stomach is supported by the (3)
- greater omentum
- gastrophrenic ligament
- gastrosplenic ligament
28
lesser curvature of stomach is supported by (1)
gastrohepatic ligament
29
venous drainage of the stomach is tio the portal system via
veins parallel to the arterial vessels
30
vascularity of the stomach includes:
- right gastric artery
- phyloric & right gastroepiploic artery
- left gastroepiploic artery
- left gastric artery
31
muscularis externa of the stomach is composed of (3)
- longitudinal layer
- circular layer
- oblique layer
32
3 sections of the small bowel
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
33
small bowel is ___ to the abdominal wall and omentum
posterior
34
anterior to the spine, connected by a fold in peritoneum (mesentery)
small bowel
35
contained within the central and lower part of abdomen
small bowel
36
shortest part of small bowel
duodenum
37
extends from stomach to the jejunum
duodenum
38
duodenum separates into __ portions and forms a __ shape
4
| C
39
The __ part of the duodenum is not fixed, the ___ are fixed to the surrounding viscera and posterior abdominal wall by mesentery
first
| remaining
40
name of first part of duodenum
duodenal bulb
41
where the duodenal bulb originates
pylorus
42
duodenal bulb is ___ to the left lobe of the liver
posterior
43
a short part of the duodenal bulb is __-peritoneal
intra
44
1st part of duodenum (bulb) is anterior to
cbd
pv
gda
45
__ part of duodenum is superior to the pancreatic head
1st
46
what part of the duodenum courses to the right then makes a sharp curve inferiorly
1st part (duodenal bulb)
47
second part of the duodenum
descending duodenum
48
descending duodenum (2nd part) is ____-peritoneal
retro
49
what part of the duodenum Courses inferiorly parallel to the spine to level of L3 then makes a sharp turn medially
second part (descending)
50
descending duodenum is __ to the pancreatic head and ___ to the hepatic flexure
lateral
| medial
51
where the CBD enters the descending duodenum
ampulla of vater
52
transverse duodenum
3rd part
53
what part of duodenum courses to the left anterior of the Great Vessels and terminates left of the Aorta
3rd part (transverse)
54
4th part of the duodenum
ascending duodenum
55
what part of duodenum Courses along the inferior border of the pancreas
ascending duodenum (4th part)
56
the ascending (4th part) duodenum curves anteriorly to join the ___
jejunum
57
4th part of duodenum (ascending) is surrounded by ____ fold that contains muscle fibers- the ___
peritoneal
| suspensory ligament
58
suspensory ligament
ligament of treitz
59
what occupies the umbilical and left iliac region
jejunum
60
jejunum is ___-peritoneal
intra
61
occupies the umbilical, hypogastric, right iliac, and pelvic region
ileum
62
ileum terminate by opening into the inner side of the origin of the ___
large bowel
63
small bowel has 2 layers:
- outer longitudinal
| - inner circular
64
the mesentery outlines the ___bowel
small
65
what is contained in the mesentery
- superior mesenteric vessels
- nerves
- lymphatic glands
- fat b/w layers
66
what supplies the duodenum
celiac trunk branches:
- right gastric
- gastroduodenal
- superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
67
jejunum has __ vascularity than the ileum
greater
68
Valvulae conniventes
large folds of mucous membrane in jejunum that project into the lumen
69
function of Valvulae conniventes & large vili in jejunum
slow process of food and provide greater absorption SA
70
ileum has ___ walls
smooth
71
Valvulae conniventes almost entirely disappears in
ileum
72
ileum connects to the __ at the ileocecal orifice
large bowel
73
colon is part of
large bowel
74
large bowel originates in ___
right inguinal region
75
extends from ileum to anus
large bowel
76
large bowel has __ sectors
7
77
below the ileocecal opening
cecum
78
cecum is the origin of the
appendix
79
From the right iliac fossa superiorly in the right flank to the visceral surface of the right lobe of liver
ascending colon
80
becomes transverse colon
ascending colon
81
transverse colon is ___ to the duodenum, crosses the abdomen
anterior
82
becomes the descending colon
trv colon
83
From the splenic flexure courses inferiorly along the left flank into the left iliac fossa
descending colon
84
what crosses the pelvic brim to become the sigmoid colon
descending colon
85
what courses midline anterior to the sacrum
colon, rectum, anus
86
crosses the pelvic floor (levator ani muscles) to become the anal canal
colon, anus, rectum
87
7 sections of the large bowel starting on the right
```
cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anus
```
88
large bowel is ___ in length and ___ in diameter than the small bowel
shorter
| larger
89
venous drainage of large bowel
veins that parallel the SMA branches
90
vascular supply to the large bowel
- SMA
- CT
- IMA
91
ileocolic artery, right colic artery, middle colic artery are branches of ___ that supply the large bowel
SMA
92
left colic artery, sigmoid artery, superior rectl artery are branches of __ that supply the large bowel
IMA
93
small intestines have (2) things that the large intestines do. not have
- villi
| - glands in submucosa
94
t/f: the GI tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body
true
95
main functions of the GI tract
- digestion
| - absorption
96
when food particles are broken down small enough, the nutrients pass through the walls of intestines into the __ or ___ system by absorption
blood
| lymph
97
esophagus transports food by
muscular contraction
98
the __ esophagus is a sphincter that controls the passage of food into the stomach and prevents reflux
lower
99
where digestion and absorption of major food products occur
small bowel
100
stomach converts food into
chyme
101
3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach wall enable it to mash and churn food then move it along via
peristalsis
102
function of villi
-increase SI surface area for digestion and absorption
| -
103
what would happen without villi in SI
food would pass through too quickly without proper absorption
104
undigested and unabsorbed food is moved into the ___
large bowel
105
nutrients from SI are transported in the blood to the ___
liver
106
once in the large bowel, the material is transformed from a liquid to a semi-solid from because __
water and electrolytes are absorbed
107
where most liquid absorption occurs
cecum
108
Elimination of contents from the digestive tract is by the process of
defecation
109
hormone released by the stomach mucosa that stimulates the gastric glands to secrete gastric acid
gastrin
110
gastrin contains
- hydrochloric acid
| - enzymes
111
where does most of digestion occur
duodenum
112
Bile and enzymes from the __ and ___ are secreted into the duodenum to act on the chyme and break down the food particles for absorption
liver
| pancreas
113
Cholecystokinin is released by ____
presence of fat in the intestine
114
Cholecystokinin regulates ____
gallbladder contraction and gastric emptying
115
___ is released from the small bowel to stimulate secretion of bicarbonate to decrease the acid content of the intestines
secretin
116
The duodenal bulb is peritoneal, supported by the hepatoduodenal ligament, and passes ________________ to the common bile duct, gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and head of the pancreas.
anterior
117
The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to enter the ____________________.
`
Ampulla of vater
118
he arteries that supply the esophagus include the inferior ________________ branch of the ____________________ artery that supplies the upper esophagus; the descending ___________________ aorta that supplies the midesophagus; and the ______________ branch of the celiac axis and the left inferior ________________ artery of the abdominal aorta that supplies the lower end of the esophagus.
```
Thyroid
subclavian
thoracic
gastric
phrenic
```
119
The nutrients are transported to the liver after they are absorbed by the _________________; the liver processes and stores the nutrients
blood
120
The three layers of smooth muscle in the wall enable the stomach to mash and churn food and move it along with ________________.
peristalsis
121
Gastric glands secrete gastric juice containing ________________ acid and ______________.
- hydrochloric
| - enzymes
122
The hormone ______________ which is released by the stomach mucosa, stimulates gastric acid secretion.
Gastrin
123
Gastrointestinal hormones include ____________ and ________________.
cholecystokinin
| secretin
124
___________________ within the large intestine devour the chyme and in turn produce vitamins that can be absorbed and used by the body.
bacteria
125
The most common laboratory data the sonographer may come across in a patient with gastrointestinal disease relate to the presence of _________________ in the stool.
blood
126
As a result of chronic blood loss, ___________________ may be present.
anemia
127
The duodenum is subdivided into four segments: (1) ___________________, (2) ___________, (3) __________________, and (4) ____________________.
Superior
descending
transverse
ascending
128
The pylorus is further subdivided into the _________________ , the __________________ canal, and the _____________________ sphincter.
antrum
pyloric canal
pyloric sphincter
129
The lower end of the esophagus is a circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, constricting the tube so that the entrance to the stomach, at the ________________. This helps to prevent gastric acid from moving up into the esophagus.
cardia
130
List the sequential parts of the digestive system
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
large intestine (cecum; ascending, transverse, and descending colon; and rectum)
131
large intestine is composed of segments called
haustra
132
The layers of the bowel wall create a characteristic sonographic appearance called a gut signature. How many layers can be visualized
5
133
sonographic visualization of the bowel is impeded by
air
134
```
Which of the following muscles does the rectum penetrate as it travels inferiorly to become the anal canal?
A. Levator Ani
B. Iliacus
C. Piriformis
D. Obturator internus
```
a
135
T/F: the of the duodenum is located within the peritoneal cavity
false
136
T/F: Abnormal bowel loops demonstrate peristalsis and are compressible; normal loops are noncompressible
false
137
```
The esophagus begins at the pharynx and terminates at which of the following?
A. Pyloric orifice of the stomach
B. Cardiac orifice of the stomach
C. Gastric orifice of the stomach
D. Esophageal hiatus of the stomach
```
B
138
```
Help support the lesser curvature of the stomach
A. Gastrohepatic ligament
B. Gastrophrenic ligament
C. Gastrosplenic ligament
D. None of the above
```
A
139
```
Help support the greater curvature of the stomach
A. Gastrophrenic ligament
B. Gastrosplenic ligament
C. Lienorenal ligament
D. All of the above
```
D
140
```
Double fold of the peritoneum attached to the duodenum, stomach, and large intestine; helps support the greater curvature of the stomach known as the "fatty apron"
A. Greater omentum
B. Lesser omentum
C. Hepatic flexure
D. Muscularis
```
A
