week 13- GI tract Flashcards
most common feature of bowel disease. May be diffuse, circumferential, or segmental
thickening of the bowel wall
Submucosal edema with thickening demonstrates ____ echogenicity of the bowel wall.
decreased
alimentary canal consists of:
mouth, esophagus, stomach, and Small and Large intestines
another name for the GI tract
alimentary canal
pathway of the alimentary canal
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small bowel
- large bowel
accessory digestive glands
- salivary glands
- liver
- pancreas
esophagus begins at the level of the ___
cricoid cartilage
continuation of the pharynx, terminates at the stomach
esophagus
esophagus travels ___ to trachea and pierces through the diaphragm
posteriorly
the terminal esophagus is __ to the left love of the liver
posterior
esophagus connects with the __ at the cardiac (esophageal) orifice (GE junction)
stomach
the GE junction is anterior to and slightly lateral to the ____
abdominal aorta
most muscular structure of the GI tract
esophagus
esophagus has outer ____ muscles and inner ____ muscles
- longitudinal
- circular
t/f: stomach is retroperitoneal organ
FALE
-intraperitoneal
all but what area on the stomach is covered by the peritoneum
Small area proximal to the GE junction that is in contact with the diaphragm and left adrenal gland
stomach is ___ to:
-diaphragm, spleen, left adrenal, superior portion of LK, pancreas, splenic flexure and trv mesocolon
anterior
what curvature of the stomach is the Right border between the esophageal and pyloric orifices
lesser
what curvature of the stomach is Left border, descends anterior to the left diaphragmatic crus and courses to the right and ascends to the pylorus
greater
___ of stomach is adjacent to the left costal margin and the anterior abdominal wall
body
pyloric orifice communicated with the ___
duodenum
what can be found right on the ML with an empty stomach, further right when the stomach is distended
pyloric orifice
the stomach is a ___ muscle organ
smooth
3 layers of the stomach
- outer longitudinal
- middle circular
- inner oblique
3 parts of the stomach
- fundus
- body
- pylorus
3 regions of the pylorus
- antrum
- pyloric canal
- pyloric sphincter
greater curvature of stomach is supported by the (3)
- greater omentum
- gastrophrenic ligament
- gastrosplenic ligament
lesser curvature of stomach is supported by (1)
gastrohepatic ligament
venous drainage of the stomach is tio the portal system via
veins parallel to the arterial vessels
vascularity of the stomach includes:
- right gastric artery
- phyloric & right gastroepiploic artery
- left gastroepiploic artery
- left gastric artery
muscularis externa of the stomach is composed of (3)
- longitudinal layer
- circular layer
- oblique layer
3 sections of the small bowel
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
small bowel is ___ to the abdominal wall and omentum
posterior
anterior to the spine, connected by a fold in peritoneum (mesentery)
small bowel
contained within the central and lower part of abdomen
small bowel
shortest part of small bowel
duodenum
extends from stomach to the jejunum
duodenum
duodenum separates into __ portions and forms a __ shape
4
C
The __ part of the duodenum is not fixed, the ___ are fixed to the surrounding viscera and posterior abdominal wall by mesentery
first
remaining
name of first part of duodenum
duodenal bulb
where the duodenal bulb originates
pylorus
duodenal bulb is ___ to the left lobe of the liver
posterior
a short part of the duodenal bulb is __-peritoneal
intra
1st part of duodenum (bulb) is anterior to
cbd
pv
gda
__ part of duodenum is superior to the pancreatic head
1st
what part of the duodenum courses to the right then makes a sharp curve inferiorly
1st part (duodenal bulb)
second part of the duodenum
descending duodenum
descending duodenum (2nd part) is ____-peritoneal
retro
what part of the duodenum Courses inferiorly parallel to the spine to level of L3 then makes a sharp turn medially
second part (descending)
descending duodenum is __ to the pancreatic head and ___ to the hepatic flexure
lateral
medial
where the CBD enters the descending duodenum
ampulla of vater
transverse duodenum
3rd part
what part of duodenum courses to the left anterior of the Great Vessels and terminates left of the Aorta
3rd part (transverse)
4th part of the duodenum
ascending duodenum
what part of duodenum Courses along the inferior border of the pancreas
ascending duodenum (4th part)
the ascending (4th part) duodenum curves anteriorly to join the ___
jejunum
4th part of duodenum (ascending) is surrounded by ____ fold that contains muscle fibers- the ___
peritoneal
suspensory ligament
suspensory ligament
ligament of treitz
what occupies the umbilical and left iliac region
jejunum
jejunum is ___-peritoneal
intra
occupies the umbilical, hypogastric, right iliac, and pelvic region
ileum
ileum terminate by opening into the inner side of the origin of the ___
large bowel
small bowel has 2 layers:
- outer longitudinal
- inner circular
the mesentery outlines the ___bowel
small
what is contained in the mesentery
- superior mesenteric vessels
- nerves
- lymphatic glands
- fat b/w layers
what supplies the duodenum
celiac trunk branches:
- right gastric
- gastroduodenal
- superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
jejunum has __ vascularity than the ileum
greater
Valvulae conniventes
large folds of mucous membrane in jejunum that project into the lumen
function of Valvulae conniventes & large vili in jejunum
slow process of food and provide greater absorption SA
ileum has ___ walls
smooth
Valvulae conniventes almost entirely disappears in
ileum
ileum connects to the __ at the ileocecal orifice
large bowel
colon is part of
large bowel
large bowel originates in ___
right inguinal region
extends from ileum to anus
large bowel
large bowel has __ sectors
7
below the ileocecal opening
cecum
cecum is the origin of the
appendix
From the right iliac fossa superiorly in the right flank to the visceral surface of the right lobe of liver
ascending colon
becomes transverse colon
ascending colon
transverse colon is ___ to the duodenum, crosses the abdomen
anterior
becomes the descending colon
trv colon
From the splenic flexure courses inferiorly along the left flank into the left iliac fossa
descending colon
what crosses the pelvic brim to become the sigmoid colon
descending colon
what courses midline anterior to the sacrum
colon, rectum, anus
crosses the pelvic floor (levator ani muscles) to become the anal canal
colon, anus, rectum
7 sections of the large bowel starting on the right
cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anus
large bowel is ___ in length and ___ in diameter than the small bowel
shorter
larger
venous drainage of large bowel
veins that parallel the SMA branches
vascular supply to the large bowel
- SMA
- CT
- IMA
ileocolic artery, right colic artery, middle colic artery are branches of ___ that supply the large bowel
SMA
left colic artery, sigmoid artery, superior rectl artery are branches of __ that supply the large bowel
IMA
small intestines have (2) things that the large intestines do. not have
- villi
- glands in submucosa
t/f: the GI tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body
true
main functions of the GI tract
- digestion
- absorption
when food particles are broken down small enough, the nutrients pass through the walls of intestines into the __ or ___ system by absorption
blood
lymph
esophagus transports food by
muscular contraction
the __ esophagus is a sphincter that controls the passage of food into the stomach and prevents reflux
lower
where digestion and absorption of major food products occur
small bowel
stomach converts food into
chyme
3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach wall enable it to mash and churn food then move it along via
peristalsis
function of villi
-increase SI surface area for digestion and absorption
-
what would happen without villi in SI
food would pass through too quickly without proper absorption
undigested and unabsorbed food is moved into the ___
large bowel
nutrients from SI are transported in the blood to the ___
liver
once in the large bowel, the material is transformed from a liquid to a semi-solid from because __
water and electrolytes are absorbed
where most liquid absorption occurs
cecum
Elimination of contents from the digestive tract is by the process of
defecation
hormone released by the stomach mucosa that stimulates the gastric glands to secrete gastric acid
gastrin
gastrin contains
- hydrochloric acid
- enzymes
where does most of digestion occur
duodenum
Bile and enzymes from the __ and ___ are secreted into the duodenum to act on the chyme and break down the food particles for absorption
liver
pancreas
Cholecystokinin is released by ____
presence of fat in the intestine
Cholecystokinin regulates ____
gallbladder contraction and gastric emptying
___ is released from the small bowel to stimulate secretion of bicarbonate to decrease the acid content of the intestines
secretin
The duodenal bulb is peritoneal, supported by the hepatoduodenal ligament, and passes ________________ to the common bile duct, gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and head of the pancreas.
anterior
The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to enter the ____________________.
`
Ampulla of vater
he arteries that supply the esophagus include the inferior ________________ branch of the ____________________ artery that supplies the upper esophagus; the descending ___________________ aorta that supplies the midesophagus; and the ______________ branch of the celiac axis and the left inferior ________________ artery of the abdominal aorta that supplies the lower end of the esophagus.
Thyroid subclavian thoracic gastric phrenic
The nutrients are transported to the liver after they are absorbed by the _________________; the liver processes and stores the nutrients
blood
The three layers of smooth muscle in the wall enable the stomach to mash and churn food and move it along with ________________.
peristalsis
Gastric glands secrete gastric juice containing ________________ acid and ______________.
- hydrochloric
- enzymes
The hormone ______________ which is released by the stomach mucosa, stimulates gastric acid secretion.
Gastrin
Gastrointestinal hormones include ____________ and ________________.
cholecystokinin
secretin
___________________ within the large intestine devour the chyme and in turn produce vitamins that can be absorbed and used by the body.
bacteria
The most common laboratory data the sonographer may come across in a patient with gastrointestinal disease relate to the presence of _________________ in the stool.
blood
As a result of chronic blood loss, ___________________ may be present.
anemia
The duodenum is subdivided into four segments: (1) ___________________, (2) ___________, (3) __________________, and (4) ____________________.
Superior
descending
transverse
ascending
The pylorus is further subdivided into the _________________ , the __________________ canal, and the _____________________ sphincter.
antrum
pyloric canal
pyloric sphincter
The lower end of the esophagus is a circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, constricting the tube so that the entrance to the stomach, at the ________________. This helps to prevent gastric acid from moving up into the esophagus.
cardia
List the sequential parts of the digestive system
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
large intestine (cecum; ascending, transverse, and descending colon; and rectum)
large intestine is composed of segments called
haustra
The layers of the bowel wall create a characteristic sonographic appearance called a gut signature. How many layers can be visualized
5
sonographic visualization of the bowel is impeded by
air
Which of the following muscles does the rectum penetrate as it travels inferiorly to become the anal canal? A. Levator Ani B. Iliacus C. Piriformis D. Obturator internus
a
T/F: the of the duodenum is located within the peritoneal cavity
false
T/F: Abnormal bowel loops demonstrate peristalsis and are compressible; normal loops are noncompressible
false
The esophagus begins at the pharynx and terminates at which of the following? A. Pyloric orifice of the stomach B. Cardiac orifice of the stomach C. Gastric orifice of the stomach D. Esophageal hiatus of the stomach
B
Help support the lesser curvature of the stomach A. Gastrohepatic ligament B. Gastrophrenic ligament C. Gastrosplenic ligament D. None of the above
A
Help support the greater curvature of the stomach A. Gastrophrenic ligament B. Gastrosplenic ligament C. Lienorenal ligament D. All of the above
D
Double fold of the peritoneum attached to the duodenum, stomach, and large intestine; helps support the greater curvature of the stomach known as the "fatty apron" A. Greater omentum B. Lesser omentum C. Hepatic flexure D. Muscularis
A
