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Y-Western Medical Terminology > Week 9- Endocronology > Flashcards

Week 9- Endocronology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what system is an information signaling system that uses blood vessels to send information

A

endocrinology

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2
Q

secrete hormones DIRECTLY into the bloodstream

is that endocrine or exocrine?

A

endocrine

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3
Q

send chemical substances via DUCTS to the outside of the body (sweat, mammary, mucous, salivary, lacrimal (tear) glands)
is that endocrine or exocrine?

A

exocrine

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4
Q

A small pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain; master gland

A

pituitary gland

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5
Q

what is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis

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6
Q

what is the name of the anterior lobe of the pituitary and what type of tissue does it have?

A

the adenohypophysis - glandular epithelial tissue

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7
Q

what is the name of the posterior lobe of the pituitary and what type of tissue does it have?

A

the neurohypophysis - nervous tissue

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8
Q

the pituitary gland is under the control of ____

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

A
  1. Growth Hormone (GH)
  2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  4. FSH
  5. LH
  6. Prolactin
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10
Q

what hormone does the following:

  1. Promotes protein synthesis that results in growth of bones, muscles and other tissue
  2. Stimulates the liver to secrete insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) which stimulates growth of bones 3. Increases blood glucose levels and secreted during exercise, sleep and hypoglycemia
A

growth hormone

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11
Q

stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

A

TSH

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12
Q

stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and increases its secretion of steroid hormones, like cortisol

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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13
Q

what hormone growth of eggs in females and production of sperm in males

A

FSH

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14
Q

what hormone stimulate ovulation in females and testosterone production in males

A

LH

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15
Q

what hormone stimulate breast tissue development during pregnancy and sustain milk production after birth

A

prolactin

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16
Q

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

A
  1. antidieuretichorome (ADH)

2. oxytocin

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17
Q

stimulates the reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules; increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin

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18
Q

stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth and maintains labor during childbirth; also secreted during suckling (breastfeeding) and causes production of milk from the mammary glands

A

oxytocin

19
Q

what are the 3 hormones the thyroid makes?

A

Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin

20
Q

what is needed to make T3 and T4

A
  1. iodine

2. tyrosine

21
Q

Secreted when calcium levels in the blood are HIGH

A

calcitonin

22
Q

what hormone helps to mobilize calcium FROM bones into the bloodstream where calcium is necessary for proper functioning of body tissues (especially muscle contraction)

A

parathyroid hormone

23
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secret?

A

secretes steroids/corticosteroids (from cholesterol)

24
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secret?

A

secretes catecholamines (from amino acids)

25
Q

Three types of corticosteroids:

A
  1. Glucocorticoids (“SUGAR”)
  2. Mineralocorticoids (“SALT”)
  3. Sex Hormones (“SEX”)
26
Q

Cortisol is the major

A

glucocorticoid

27
Q

metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins within all body cells and have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect

A

Glucocorticoids (one of the corticiosteriods)

28
Q

the major hormone is aldosterone which regulates concentration of mineral salts (electrolytes) in the body
Acts on kidney to reabsorb sodium and water and to excrete potassium helping to regulate blood volume, bl

A

Mineralocorticoids (“SALT”)

29
Q

Two types of catecholamines:

A
  1. Epinephrine

2. Norepienphrine

30
Q

increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes and releases stored glucose from glycogen when the body needs it for more energy

A

epiephrine/adrenaline

31
Q

constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure

A

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

32
Q

____cells - produce insulin - LOWERS blood glucose by

A

beta

33
Q

______ cells - produce glucagon - RAISES blood glucose by:

1. Promote conversion of glycogen back to glucose in the liver

A

Alpha

34
Q

pinecone gland located in the center of the brain that secrets melatonin

A

pineal gland

35
Q

enlargement of the thyroid gland; caused by low iodine levels and subsequent low T3 and low T4 levels and eventual enlargement of the gland

A

goiter

36
Q

overactivity of the thyroid gland; the most common form is called Graves’ disease (autoimmune process); causes increase in heart rate, higher body temperature, weight loss, diarrhea; also causes exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs) due to swelling behind the eye

A

hyperthyrodism

37
Q

underactivity of the thyroid gland; everything SLOWS down; sluggishness, fatigue, constipation, slow heart rate, cold intolerance

A

hypothyroidism

38
Q

excess cortisol production from the adrenal cortex; can lead to obesity, a “moon-like fullness of the face”, excess fat deposition in the thoracic region of the back, often referred to as a “buffalo hump” and hyperglycemia

A

cushing syndrome- face gets cushy like a pillow

39
Q

underfunctioning of the adrenal cortex; aldosterone and cortisol are low; fatigue, weakness, muscle atrophy, severe loss of fluids and electrolytes, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia

A

Addisons disease

40
Q

Which hormone has the function of increasing calcium levels when it gets to low?

A

parathyroid hormone

41
Q

Two types of catecholamines

A
  1. epinephrine

2. noriepinephrine

42
Q

the Adrenal cortex secretes _________-

A

corticosteroids

43
Q

the adrenal medulla secretes __________

A

catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Y-Western Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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