Week 9- Endocronology Flashcards
what system is an information signaling system that uses blood vessels to send information
endocrinology
secrete hormones DIRECTLY into the bloodstream
is that endocrine or exocrine?
endocrine
send chemical substances via DUCTS to the outside of the body (sweat, mammary, mucous, salivary, lacrimal (tear) glands)
is that endocrine or exocrine?
exocrine
A small pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain; master gland
pituitary gland
what is another name for the pituitary gland?
hypophysis
what is the name of the anterior lobe of the pituitary and what type of tissue does it have?
the adenohypophysis - glandular epithelial tissue
what is the name of the posterior lobe of the pituitary and what type of tissue does it have?
the neurohypophysis - nervous tissue
the pituitary gland is under the control of ____
hypothalamus
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- FSH
- LH
- Prolactin
what hormone does the following:
- Promotes protein synthesis that results in growth of bones, muscles and other tissue
- Stimulates the liver to secrete insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) which stimulates growth of bones 3. Increases blood glucose levels and secreted during exercise, sleep and hypoglycemia
growth hormone
stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
TSH
stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and increases its secretion of steroid hormones, like cortisol
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
what hormone growth of eggs in females and production of sperm in males
FSH
what hormone stimulate ovulation in females and testosterone production in males
LH
what hormone stimulate breast tissue development during pregnancy and sustain milk production after birth
prolactin
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
- antidieuretichorome (ADH)
2. oxytocin
stimulates the reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules; increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin
stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth and maintains labor during childbirth; also secreted during suckling (breastfeeding) and causes production of milk from the mammary glands
oxytocin
what are the 3 hormones the thyroid makes?
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin
what is needed to make T3 and T4
- iodine
2. tyrosine
Secreted when calcium levels in the blood are HIGH
calcitonin
what hormone helps to mobilize calcium FROM bones into the bloodstream where calcium is necessary for proper functioning of body tissues (especially muscle contraction)
parathyroid hormone
what does the adrenal cortex secret?
secretes steroids/corticosteroids (from cholesterol)
what does the adrenal medulla secret?
secretes catecholamines (from amino acids)
Three types of corticosteroids:
- Glucocorticoids (“SUGAR”)
- Mineralocorticoids (“SALT”)
- Sex Hormones (“SEX”)
Cortisol is the major
glucocorticoid
metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins within all body cells and have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect
Glucocorticoids (one of the corticiosteriods)
the major hormone is aldosterone which regulates concentration of mineral salts (electrolytes) in the body
Acts on kidney to reabsorb sodium and water and to excrete potassium helping to regulate blood volume, bl
Mineralocorticoids (“SALT”)
Two types of catecholamines:
- Epinephrine
2. Norepienphrine
increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes and releases stored glucose from glycogen when the body needs it for more energy
epiephrine/adrenaline
constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
____cells - produce insulin - LOWERS blood glucose by
beta
______ cells - produce glucagon - RAISES blood glucose by:
1. Promote conversion of glycogen back to glucose in the liver
Alpha
pinecone gland located in the center of the brain that secrets melatonin
pineal gland
enlargement of the thyroid gland; caused by low iodine levels and subsequent low T3 and low T4 levels and eventual enlargement of the gland
goiter
overactivity of the thyroid gland; the most common form is called Graves’ disease (autoimmune process); causes increase in heart rate, higher body temperature, weight loss, diarrhea; also causes exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs) due to swelling behind the eye
hyperthyrodism
underactivity of the thyroid gland; everything SLOWS down; sluggishness, fatigue, constipation, slow heart rate, cold intolerance
hypothyroidism
excess cortisol production from the adrenal cortex; can lead to obesity, a “moon-like fullness of the face”, excess fat deposition in the thoracic region of the back, often referred to as a “buffalo hump” and hyperglycemia
cushing syndrome- face gets cushy like a pillow
underfunctioning of the adrenal cortex; aldosterone and cortisol are low; fatigue, weakness, muscle atrophy, severe loss of fluids and electrolytes, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia
Addisons disease
Which hormone has the function of increasing calcium levels when it gets to low?
parathyroid hormone
Two types of catecholamines
- epinephrine
2. noriepinephrine
the Adrenal cortex secretes _________-
corticosteroids
the adrenal medulla secretes __________
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
