Week 9: Adolescence (13-15 years)

Question 1

Describe how girls and boys are affected by earlier development (puberty)

Answer 1

girls who develop earlier have less problems with self-esteem/academics, fewer behavioural problems
boys who develop earlier have more positive body image, do better in school, get in less trouble and have more friends

Question 2

explain the difference between girls vs boys who have sex early

Answer 2

girls: got period earlier, low interest in school, dated early in school, history of sexual abuse
boys: low SES families and parental involvement, more likely to use alcohol, abuse or neglect in childhood

Question 3

1. ______ is a major contributor to adolescent sex
2. a greater number of ______ factors indicate higher likelihood that they will be sexually active
3. sexual activity is predicted by ________ beliefs about sex
4. sexual activity is (higher/lower) in those involved in sports/activities. Why is this the case?

Answer 3

1. alcohol
2. risk
3. moral
4. lower. this is because less free time, higher SES if they are put into paid sporting activities

Question 4

Answer based on Sex ed:
1. T/F: scientific research has shown that abstinence-only sex education programs have significantly reduced the prevalence of adolescent sex
2. What has making condoms readily available done?
3. What types of sex ed topics should be discussed in school?

Answer 4

1. F. No such programs have had a significant effect
2. have not decreased the prevalence of adolescent sex. has increased condom use however
3. reproduction, birth control, STD/AIDS prevention, healthy relationships, sexual abuse, social beliefs

Question 5

1. How does the brain change during this stage?
2. How is decision making affected?

Answer 5

1. cerebral cortex becomes thicker = efficient neural pathways = better logic/reasoning, problem solving, self concept, social interactions
2. rapid decision making that is more sophisticated, but still not entirely mature (like an adult) to weigh out the full consequences

Question 6

What is the invisibility concept? How does it apply in this stage?

Answer 6

it is the belief that bad things will not happen to them. Seek more risk behaviours and recklessness which increases risk of injury. Ex: doing drugs, drinking

Question 7

1. T/F: hospitalizations in teens allows for an increase in autonomy
2. Why do hospitals need to improve the care offered to teens?

Answer 7

1. F. decrease in autonomy, decision making, cause anxiety, hopelessness, and loss of control
2. They are not conducive to health and healing. They may victim blame and not consider the SDH/other factors that could have led to the hospitalization.

Question 8

1. What stage of cognitive development (Piaget) is involved from age 13-15? Explain.
2. the ability to search for methodically for the answer to a problem is called ___________
3. What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning? Give an example
4. What is Naive idealism? Give an example

Answer 8

1. The forth stage (final) called formal operational stage = when adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
2. systematic problem solving
3. hypothetico-deductive reasoning= when people make conclusions from hypothetical situations. Ex: your phone won’t turn on, so you conclude the battery is dead
4. Naive idealism = having a mental construct of an ideal world compared to the real world. Ex: a person who believes that their life would be perfect and without worry if they lived somewhere else, like the beach. They aren’t thinking about real life consequences and situations, only the idealized version in their mind.

Question 9

1. having a mental construct of an ideal world compared to reality is called _________
2. the ability to search methodically for an answer to a problem is called ________
3. making conclusions based on hypothetical premises is called ___________
4. thinking logically about abstract concepts, like solving a complex algebra equation is called ___________. This is the (a #) stage of Piaget’s cognitive development

Answer 9

1. ideal realism
2. systematic problem solving
3. hypthetico-deductive reasoning
4. formal operations. 4th.

Question 10

what 2 tendencies separate adolescents from younger children?

Answer 10

1. tendencies to exaggerate other’s reactions to their own behaviour
2. tendency to based decisions based on unrealistic ideas about the future

Question 11

1. T/F: by 14-15, megacognitive and meta memory skills exceed those of younger children
2. T/F: students achievement and self esteem increases when transitioning to secondary school

Answer 11

1. T
2. F. it decreases

Question 12

Explain the difference between the TASK and ABILITY goals at age 13-15

Answer 12

Task goals = based on PERSONAL set standards and the desire for competence in school for example
ability goals = based on attempting to compete with OTHERS and beat them at something

Question 13

1. T/F: In 5th grade, ability goals are used and in 6th grade, this switches to task goals
2. the good means of beating someone else is called _________
3. __________ plays an important role in transition from child to adult

Answer 13

1. F. 5th grade is task, 6th is ability goals
2. relative standards
3. culture

Question 14

What stage from Freud’s psychosexual theory is present at age 13-15?

Answer 14

genital stage = shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal with the opposite sex maturely

Question 15

What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is present at age 13-15? (explain conflict)

Answer 15

Identity vs role confusion where adolescents acquire an sense of who they are

Question 16

what is the difference between identity confusion vs identity crisis?

Answer 16

identity confusion = not in an identity crisis and making no commitment. Do not know who they are but do not really have motivation to find out. Not mature yet
identity crisis = their sense of self is questioned and not in tact. they try to find out who they are so that a new mature sense of self can emerge

Question 17

Explain what high vs low self esteem is associated with

Answer 17

high = better grades, resist peer pressure
low = suicidal thoughts, social issues, poor mental health

Question 18

What are the NAMES for each level and associated stages (PIMSSU) for Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning:

Answer 18

L1: preconventional morality
S1 = punishment
S2 = individualism
L2: conventional morality
S3 = mutual interpersonal expectations
S4 = social system
L3: post-conventional morality
S5 = social construct
S6 = universal ethics principle

Question 19

Answer based on social relationships:
1. T/F: there is an increase in conflict with parents which disrupts the quality of the parent-child relationship
2. T/F: emotional attachment to parents significantly decreases
3. well being and happiness in adolescents is connected more to their ______ rather than their _______
4. _________ parenting styles are associated with more positive outcomes
5. T/F: Divorce is more difficult on girls than boys

Answer 19

1. F. increase in conflict, but does not disrupt quality of relationships
2. F. remains strong
3. parents, teens
4. authoritative
5. T

Question 20

What are some impacts of hospitalizations on children?

Answer 20

• fear of pain
• developmental issues
• fear of not having control over their body

Question 21

What is family centred care?

Answer 21

care that is grounded in mutually beneficial partnerships among health care providers, patients and families. Parents are important in care because it allows the child to feel more comfortable

Question 22

what is continuous care?

Answer 22

same nurse everyday, catered to the individual child’s needs, collaboration with the family and child