Week 8: School Age (9-12 years)

Question 1

Answer based on growth and physical changes:
1. girls have attained ___% of their adult height while boys have reached ___% of theirs
2. T/F: boys are ahead of their overall growth compared to girls
3. T/F: Girls have more body fat than boys and tend to be a bit weaker

Answer 1

1. 93%, 84%
2. F
3. T

Question 2

1. What happens to the brain during this stage?
2. ______ is a process when better selective attention occurs

Answer 2

1. more myelinization in the frontal lobes = better logic and planning
2. reticular formation

Question 3

T/F: health is at the forefront of this stage of development

Answer 3

F. there are gaps in HP and it is often neglected and not taught

Question 4

1. Explain each topic of health in relation to age 9-12
   a) immunizations
   b) injury (boys vs girls)
   c) motor vehicles
2. What are the 2 most common fatal accidents in this stage?

Answer 4

1. a) HPV and hep B
   b) increased injury in boys; belief they are invincible
   c) fatal injuries from these accidents
2. motor vehicle accidents, drowning

Question 5

Answer based on weight:
1. ___% of children have unhealthy weights
2. ___% of boys and ___% of girls are overweight
3. ___% of boys and ____% of girls are obese

Answer 5

1. 25%
2. 14% and 19%
3. 8% and 9%

Question 6

Why are children at age 9-12 more likely to be overweight or obese?

Answer 6

• do not get to choose the food that is bought- parents have a big effect (this food may not be contributing to healthy weight management and nutrition)
• weight loss programs/ diets are risky because the child is not fully developed –> can be detrimental to long term health
• cannot put themselves in registered sports/in low SES families they may not be able to afford such things

Question 7

what are 5 factors that could result in childhood obesity

Answer 7

1. genetic predisposition/epigenetic modifications in early life
2. overweight parents
3. large size gestation (born a big baby)
4. environment (low PA and overeating outside of the child’s control –> decisions made by parents)
5. lower SES households/less sport participation

Question 8

Why is there a large risk of having an early onset of being overweight starting from birth?

Answer 8

• when babies are born they are normally very skinny, so adults try to feed them and make them gain weight which is important to protect against illness
• however, at 4/5 years of age the parents may not understand the risks of their child being overweight and can continue to feed them

Question 9

What are the 4 S’s of the 24 hour movement guideline?

Answer 9

1. Sweat = 60 mins/day
2. Step = light PA (structured/not structured)
3. Sleep = uninterrupted sleep 9-11 hours per night
4. Sit = no more than 2hrs/day of screen time/sitting

Question 10

How did PA levels change during COVID-19?

Answer 10

they decreased and kids were spending more time on screens and less time in physical activity

Question 11

What is horizontal decalage? Give an example

Answer 11

Understanding that it takes kids years to apply a new cognitive skill to all kinds of problems. Once a child learns a certain function, they do not have the capability to immediately apply the learned function to all patterns. Ex: conservation is the process. A ball of clay into different shapes has the same volume and weighs the same, at each shape. But a child may not understand this until age 11-12. Ex: water in a small vs longer glass (same amount of water)

Question 12

What is vertical decalage? Give an example.

Answer 12

a child that uses the same cognitive function in different stages across development. Ex: the cognitive function of solving a math problem physically can then be applied more abstractly towards another problem. 27 cookies shared across 9 friends physically could be done. But this doesn’t mean that the child could apply the same abstract if they were given a division problem instead in a written form (27/9). But vertical decalage is this process of physical –> written of problems. ex: navigating physically around a room, but years later being able to draw a map and use it to get to another place

Question 13

1. T/F: problem solving rules are mostly age linked in this stage

Answer 13

1. F. they are linked to trial and error, experience

Question 14

what is the relationship between horizontal decalage and conservation?

Answer 14

conservation = just matter; matter can change in appearance without changing quantity
HD = process of conservation, but much broader and can apply to any cognitive function

Question 15

ability to recall information from long term memory without using short term memory capacity is called ____________. this process is achieved through _________

Answer 15

automaticity. practice

Question 16

1. What is expertise?
2. T/F: advanced skills in one area improves general levels of memory and reasoning

Answer 16

1. Lots of knowledge in a specific area that allows their information processing to be more effective
2. F. not necessarily

Question 17

Explain the 3 parts of information processing at this stage.

Answer 17

1. elaboration = finding shared meanings/common reference for 2 or more things that need to be remembered.
2. Mneumonics = using a phrase where the first letter stands for something you need to remember.
3. systematic searching = scanning one’s memory for the whole domain where a piece of information might be found. Ex: trying to remember what you wore on a specific day, you will think back to the memory of the entire event

Question 18

1. What is the balanced approach of literacy?
2. What is the best time of a child’s life to identify and help poor readers? Why?
3. What is internalization of the issue?

Answer 18

1. Balanced approach = reading that combines explicit phonic instruction with other strategies for helping children acquire literacy. Ex: looking at the pictures to read the words. Important for helping children UNDERSTAND what they are reading
2. Early elementary school years are the best time for identifying poor readers because this helps in the long run, identifies gaps in development. can help with comprehensive assignment. Less embarrassment about the fact that they cannot read if done earlier
3. kids start to think there is something wrong with them. The relationship with school gets called into question –> may not do well in school because they do not believe they are smart enough

Question 19

What are the 3 components of emotional intelligence?

Answer 19

1. Awareness of our own emotions
2. Ability to express our emotions appropriately
3. Capacity to channel our emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals

Question 20

children’s ability to exercise control over their emotions in early childhood is related to measures of ______________ in high school

Answer 20

academic achievement

Question 21

What is the difference between achievement vs assessment?

Answer 21

assessment = formal and informal methods of gathering information that can be used to improve learning with no grades or marks.
achievement = assess specific information learned in school or not at school. Ex: what is tested on exams and whether we know or don’t know it. (grades/marks)

Question 22

Why have girls always achieved better grades in school compared to boys across all subject areas? Why is this problematic?

Answer 22

Our schooling system is designed for a specific type of learner. Sit quietly for long periods of time = tends to be females
bad because boys think they are behind and may feel low self esteem

Question 23

_________ learning styles is the tendency to focus on the details of the task that suits the schooling system
_________ learning styles ignore the details and focus on the big picture

Answer 23

analytical, relational

Question 24

1. What is the root cause of ADHD?
2. What are the characteristics of ADHD? Management strategies?

Answer 24

1. root cause is unknown, but recent twin studied suggest that premature birth could be a risk factor. It is not likely due to environment, diet or brain damage
2. higher activity level, lower ability to sustain attention. management strategies are stimulant medications

Question 25

What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is present at 9-12 years old?

Answer 25

industry vs inferiority = entering society and being praised (ex: in school) and if they do not get that they may feel inferior

Question 26

_________ theory is the interaction of personal, behavioural and environmental factors that provide insight into how we develop our self efficacy. This theory was developed by _________

Answer 26

reciprocal determinism, bandura

Question 27

What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory is present at age 9-12:

Answer 27

3rd stage = concrete operational stage
this stage involves concepts attached to concrete situations. Space, time and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as independent topics

Question 28

1. What is self-esteem?
2. is self-esteem stable during this period?
3. self esteem is influenced by the relationships between the ________ and ________ selves and ___________

Answer 28

1. evaluating one’s self worth
2. it’s stable in the short term and then at this stage it tends to decline
3. ideal and actual selves social support

Question 29

1. What is moral reasoning?
2. What is moral realism?
3. What is moral relativism?

Answer 29

1. moral reasoning = making judgements about right or wrongness of specific acts
2. moral realism = the belief that rules are inflexible –> right and wrong only
3. moral relativism = understand that many rules can be changed through social agreement

Question 30

1. Higher parental expectations + parental monitoring = _____________
2. What style of parenting is the above associated with? Explain the parenting style

Answer 30

1. self regulation competence. which means that the child is more self regulated and responsible, higher self esteem and knows what is expected of them
2. authoritative parenting = parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children

Question 31

1. Explain the differences in boys VS girl friend groups
2. What are some systems that are counteracting the gender roles/ what can parents do?

Answer 31

1. boys:
   - bigger, accepting on new comers
   - outdoor play
   - focused on competition and dominance
   - competition is between friends
   - contact sports
   girls:
   - small groups/pairs, exclusive friend groups
   - indoor play
   - agreement, compliance
   - competition is between strangers
   - less contact sports
2. sign up for non gender exclusive sports, letting kids pick their own toys at the toy store/choose their own clothes. Schools not separating boys and girls in terms of physical activity and sports

Question 32

1. T/F: competition in boy friend groups is more between strangers instead of friends
2. T/F: competition in girl friend groups is more between friends instead of strangers

Answer 32

1. F. between friends than strangers
2. F. between strangers than friends

Question 33

What did covid result in for children at this stage?

Answer 33

• lower social skills
• increased use of technology and social media use = decreased self esteem
• ED
• lower parental involvement
• isolation and anxiety, depression

Question 34

what are the 3 social status groups?

Answer 34

1. popular
2. rejected
3. neglected

Question 35

1. What are turn key kids?
2. What are the negative effects/risks of turn key kids?

Answer 35

1. children who go home by themselves after school and have no parents home
2. poorly adjusted with peer relationships and school performance, parental neglect, cannot deal with emergencies if needed, most common in areas with low SES

Question 36

1. ____ in ____ are receiving sexually explicit texts
2. ____ in ____ send the messages
3. _____ in ____ teens are forwarding sexts without consent
4. ___ in _____ teens have had sexts they’ve sent forwarded without their consent
5. ____% of sexting starts in middle school

Answer 36

1. 1 in 4
2. 1 in 7
3. 1 in 10
4. 1 in 12
5. 25%