Week 10: Adolescence (16-18 years)

Question 1

1. What part of the brain changes at age 16-18 and how? What is this part responsible for?
2. T/F: at age 16-18, all of the development is done

Answer 1

1. The frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex changes. More grey matter and connections between cells occur. This affects decision making, planning, social interaction, self awareness. Medial prefrontal cortex activity decreases because it uses a different cognitive approach to decision making
2. F. development continues into adulthood, specially in the brain.

Question 2

What are the differences between a structural and functional MRI?

Answer 2

structural = snapshot inside the brain to see things like grey matter and how that changes with age
functional = take a movie/video of brain activity to see how people perceive things

Question 3

Answer based on skeletal development:
1. Explain the difference in girls and boys for each part of skeletal development:
a) Height
b) Fat %
c) Muscle %

2. What is cephalocaudal vs proximodistal development? How do these patterns of development change at age 16-18?

Answer 3

1. a) girls get most of their height by age 16. Boys grow until 18-20 years
   b) girls fat % increases, boys fat % decreases
   c) girls muscle % decreases, boys muscle % increases
2. cephalocaudal = growth from head to toe seen in early development. Proximodistal = growth from the inside to outside of body. At age 16-18 growth occurs at hands and feet first and the trunk is the slowest to grow

Question 4

Answer based on heart and lung development:
1. How does the heart and lungs change during this stage?
2. How do these changes differ in boys and girls?

Answer 4

1. the heart and lungs increase in size, the heart rate drops
2. increase in capacity for sustained physical effort which is easier for boys than girls

Question 5

Answer the stats based on sexual behaviour:
1. by 18-19 _____% of teens have had sex
2. females are ______ likely to have sex without a condom. _____% compared to _____%
3. since 2003, rates of ______ have been ________
4. _____ infection rates are higher in (males/females). the incidence is ___x as high compared to the opposite sex.

Answer 5

1. 68%
2. more, 37% compared to 27%
3. STI, increasing
4. STI, females, 4x

Question 6

Why are females more likely report having sex without the use of a condom?

Answer 6

• inability to be assertive with a partner
• embarrassment of purchasing condoms
• invisibility concept = beliefs that they won’t get pregnant/ they won’t be affected
• birth control assumptions that they cannot get pregnant

Question 7

Answer based on teen pregnancy:
1. the rate of teen pregnancy has (risen/declined) since 1974 by ____%
2. Who is more at risk of teen pregnancy?
3. ____% of women who gave birth as teens received a high school diploma

Answer 7

1. declined, 47%
2. those who leave school early (drop out), those who have sex early, low SES single parent families, mother had a teen pregnancy, social rejects
3. 53%

Question 8

T/F: transgender teens are less likely to suffer from depression and are at a lower risk of suicide
the _______ around transgender teens increases the risk of depression/suicide rates

Answer 8

F. More likely
stigma

Question 9

1. T/F: 10% of students in grade 7-9 have used alcohol in the past 12 months
2. T/F: the rate of alcohol use decreases in grades 11-12.
3. Drinking and drinking increases in 16-18 year olds due to the _________ concept

Answer 9

1. F. 25%
2. F. Increases
3. invisibility concept

Question 10

1. ___% of women and ___% of men aged 16-19 have experienced at least one major depressive episode in the previous year
2. T/F: completed suicide is about 3 1/2 times higher for adolescent boys than girls in Canada
3. suicide is the ___ leading cause of death for adolescents in Canada

Answer 10

1. 25%, 12%
2. T
3. 2nd

Question 11

1. What are the 3 factors contributing to suicide? Give examples
2. T/F: SSRI antidepressants used in children provided significant positive results and reduced suicide ideation, attempts, and decreased aggression

Answer 11

1a) triggering stressful event: disciplinary crisis with parents or public rejection or humiliation
b) altered mental state: sense of hopelessness, reduced inhibitions from alcohol consumption
c) opportunity: loaded gun, pill bottle
2. F. they led to increased suicide ideation, attempts and hostile aggression

Question 12

1. Explain information processing in grade 8 students compared to grade 12
2. Explain the difference in reading, math and science between girls and boys

Answer 12

1. grade 8 - focus on the here and now, grade 12- focus on the future. Summarizing written texts increase dramatically
2. girls are better in reading, boys better in math, no difference in science

Question 13

what are 3 predictors of why people may leave school early

Answer 13

1. history of academic failure
2. pattern of aggressive behaviour
3. poor decisions about risky behaviour

Question 14

which is NOT a discussed predictor of why people may leave school early:
a) history of academic failure
b) decreased mental state
c) patterns of aggression
d) poor decisions about risky behaviour

Answer 14

b)

Question 15

Answer based on working teens:
1. almost ___% of full time students are employed during the school term
2. What amount of working hours are detrimental to mental health and increase stress levels?
3. what is positive work? How is pressure related to work?

Answer 15

1. 50%
2. 15-20 hours
3. positive work is work where people feel competent and efficient. Pressure is when people feel like they have to complete more than they can handle

Question 16

what are the 3 theories of identity achievement? Give examples

Answer 16

1. Moratorium: the identity status of a person in a crisis but who has made no commitment to deal with it (attempts to establish an identity, but made no commitment. Exploring a different religion, but not converting)
2. Foreclosure: the identity status of a person who has made a commitment without going through a crisis (ex: people think they know who they are, but they have not even explored their options yet. Identify as a Catholic because their parents are without ever questioning their belief system.
3. Identity confusion: the identity status of a person who is not in a crisis and made no commitment

Question 17

Explain self concept during this stage

Answer 17

self concept definitions become more abstract. People focus less on physical traits and more on personal philosophy, enduring traits, moral values, beliefs

Question 18

1. What is Kohlberg’s theory (basic definition)?
2. What are the levels and associated stages?
3. What ages does each level occur

Answer 18

1. Kohlberg created the theory of moral reasoning. It describes how our moral reasoning changes as we get older and how our decisions are effected based on how we perceive right and wrong
2. level 1: preconventional morality = in young children. most superficial understanding of right and wrong, focuses on self-interest. Punishment is avoided and rewards are sought.
   - stage 1 = self interest and punishment is avoided. if the consequence for an action is punishment then the action is wrong. The man shouldn’t steal the drug, as he may get caught and go to jail.
   - stage 2 = Rewards are sought. A person at this level will argue that the man should steal the drug because he does not want to lose his wife who takes care of him.
   level 2: conventional morality = in older children, adolescence and most adults. people care about the effect of their actions on others.
   - stage 3 = Focus is on how situational outcomes impact others and wanting to please and be accepted. The man should steal the drug because that is what good husbands do.
   - stage 4 = People make decisions based on laws or formalized rules. The man should obey the law because stealing is a crime.
   level 3: postconventional morality = in some adults. Using logical reasoning based on world and personal views.
   - stage 5 = Individuals employ abstract reasoning to justify behaviours. The man should steal the drug because laws can be unjust and you have to consider the whole situation.
   - stage 6 = Moral behaviour is based on self-chosen ethical principles. The man should steal the drug because life is more important than property.

Question 19

What are the drawbacks of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?

Answer 19

• too narrow
• doesn’t fit non-western culture
• focuses too much on justice
• omits importance of empathy and caring
• reasoning may change depending on the situation

Question 20

Explain friends in this stage

Answer 20

mixed genders, dating couples

Question 21

What is adolescent dating violence?

Answer 21

• an individually, culturally and socially created phenomenon
• caused by ACE’s
• form of intimate partner violence
• can be in person or online

Question 22

Explain the 5 forms of violence

Answer 22

1. physical violence= physically trying to hurt another person by hitting, kicking/physical force
2. sexual violence = forcing sexual actions on another person without consent
3. psychological aggression = using words or non verbal communication with intention to harm them emotionally or exert control
4. stalking
5. financial abuse

Question 23

What are some results of power and control?

Answer 23

• victim blaming
• intimidation
• sexual/physical abuse
• possessiveness
• humiliation
• threats

Question 24

Answer based on dating violence
1. women aged 15-19 experience ___x more violence in relationships
2. 1 in ___ Canadian youth experience dating violence
3. ___% are physically hurt on purpose by a partner
4. ____% are emotional abuse victims
5. ____% social media is used to hurt and control others
6. The long term effects of IPV on the children is that are more likely to face IPV up to ___ years later

Answer 24

1. 10x
2. 1 in 3
3. 12%
4. 28%
5. 18%
6. 12x

Question 25

What are some health and social consequences of ADV?

Answer 25

• depression, anxiety
• risky behaviours (unprotected sex, substance abuse)
• low self esteem and antisocial behaviours
• ED
• suicide/death
• chronic pain
• low academic performance

Question 26

1. T/F: chronic illnesses are NOT a possible consequence of ADV
2. T/F: children exposed to households with IPV are not likely to experience ADV in the future
3. ACES can initiate a _______ of violence

Answer 26

1. F
2. F
3. cycle

Question 27

Describe the ACES pyramid (from birth to early death)

Answer 27

Birth –> ACE —> social, emotional and cognitive impairment —> adoption of cognitive impairments —> disease, disability and social problems —> early death

Question 28

1. How can Canada prevent IPV at the federal level?
2. what are the parts of the gender based violence plan? (VGAFPPK)
3. what are some organizations/helplines

Answer 28

1. • action plan geared towards children to prevent it early so it does not trail into adulthood
     - community talks, support groups, family meetings
2. vision, goals, action, funding, pillars (prevent, support and promote), partners, knowledge
3. women’s helpline, respect is love, break the cycle