Week 4: Infants (age 1-2 years) Flashcards
Describe physical changes in infants (how much they grow)
25-30cm and triple their body weight
Why do 2 year olds have large heads at this stage
2 year olds have proportionally larger heads to hold their nearly full sized brains
What is synaptogenesis? What are the 2 steps involved during this process?
synaptogenesis is the creation of synapses followed by a period of synaptic pruning to make the nervous system more efficient
1. synapses = process that allow a neuron to transmit signals to another neuron
2. synaptic pruning = a process in the brain where extra synapses are eliminated and replaced with complex structures. This allows for the formation of better electrical signals and a more mature brain
____________ is flexibility in the brain to recognize different neural pathways and connections
____________ covers individual axons and insulates them for better conductivity
neuroplasticity
myelinization
What are the 5 types of reflexes?
- Adaptive = sucking, important for survival, can persist through life
- primitive = controlled by primitive parts of the brain, disappears after 3 months
- rooting = touch on cheek causes them to turn their head to the touch and open mouth, disappears after 6 months
- babinski = touch on sole of foot causes toes to fan up and out, disappears after 3 months
- moro = sudden noise or loss of support causes arch of back, legs and arms to go out and back in, disappears after 4-5 months
What is the hypothesis of the moro reflex?
that it helps the baby cling to the mother
Answer based on consciousness/sleeping patterns:
1. neonates sleep ___% of the time
2. by ___ weeks, babies begin to sleep throughout the night
3. by ___ months, babies are sleeping 14 hours per day
- 80%
- 8 weeks
- 6 months
Describe what cry would occur for each signal
1. hunger
2. anger
3. pain
- hunger = basic cry, rhythmic pattern
- anger = louder, more intense
- pain = abrupt onset
Describe motor development (loco, nonloco and manipulative) for each period:
1 month
2-3 months
4-6 months
7-9 months
10-12 months
13-18 months
19-24 months
universal
look in notes
Describe motor skills in girls vs boys
girls = ahead in motor skills in infancy and specifically manipulative
boys = have more developmental delays and more active
exclusive breastfeeding should be done for the first ___-___ months with the WHO recommending breastfeeding until ___ years old
4-6 months , 2 years
T/F: breastfed babies are more likely to suffer from common illnesses
T/F: mother infant relationships are better in breast fed babies compared to formula fed
F. less likely
F. they are the same level of relationship
- Canada’s infant mortality rate has (increased/decreased) from ____/1000 to ___/1000
- the leading cause of death in infants is _____. Explain what this is and how to reduce risks
- 134/1000 - 5/1000
- SIDS - sudden infant death syndrome. To reduce risks: sleep on hard surface, smoke free environment, no bedding, sleep near parents for 6 months
Explain the 3 sensory components in this stage of development
- vision/hearing = poor at first but develops rapidly where newborns can hear as good as adults
- touch/motion = best developed out of all the senses
- taste/smell = smell has unlimited variations and infants react differently to tastes
What are the 2 most important perceptual skills at this stage. explain both
looking = scanning for dark and light contrasts, prefer mothers face
listening = 1 month: recognize single syllables, 6 months: 2 syllable words, 3 months: recognize sound regardless of who says it
What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development is present at this stage? explain
sensorimotor = senses are present, motor responses, sensory curiosity about the world
Explain each sensorimotor reflex and what age it occurs:
1. primary circular reactions
2.secondary circular reactions
3. coordination of secondary schemes
4. tertiary circular reactions
5. mental representation
- primary circular reactions = accommodations of basic schemes as baby practices them (grasping, listening, looking). has not linked body actions to results outside of body. 1-4 months
- secondary circular reactions = baby becomes more aware of events outside their body, imitation can occur, beginning to understand object permanence. 4-8 months
- coordination of secondary schemes = intentional mean ends behaviour where the baby will go after what they want and can combine 2 schemes (move a pillow to reach you). 8-12 months
- tertiary circular reactions = experimentation begins, tries new ways of playing and manipulating objects. 12-18 months
- mental representation = uses symbols to represent objects or events. understands symbol is separate from the object. 18-24 months
describe language for each stage
cooing, vowel sounds, babbles, inonation, single words, holophrases, telegraphic speech
_________ are word and gestures to form thought
_________ are 2 word sentences
holophrases, telegraphic speech
what stage of Freud’s psychosexual theory is present at this stage?
oral = feeding, thumb sucking
what stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stage is present?
trust vs mistrust
- what is the attachment theory?
- describe the 4 types of attachment
- the ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life in a genetic characteristic of all humans
- secure = enjoy physical contact, less fussy, want to be with mothers
avoidant = avoids contact with parent and shows no preference for parent over other people
ambivalent = will cry when separated from parent but will not be reassured when returned
disorganized = confused infant who shows contradictory behaviour - look away when moving towards parent
- what are the 3 characteristics to developing secure attachment to a parent?
- what are the benefits of attachment?
- emotional responsiveness
marital status/SES
mental health - more sociable, positive behaviour, less clingy and less dependent on others, less aggressive, more empathetic and emotionally mature in interactions
_________ is a pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment
personality
_________ are inborn predispositions such as activity level that form the foundations of _________
temperament, personality
what are the 5 dimensions of temperament?
- Activity level = vigorous vs passive activity
- positive emotionality = move towards new activities
- inhibitions = respond with fear or withdrawal to new situations - shy
- negative emotionality = respond with anger and frustration
- task persistence = can stay focused and manage attention/effort
- Describe temperament in identical vs fraternal twins
- _______ temperament in infancy persists throughout childhood
- identical twins = more alike in temperament
- stable
