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HS 2700 > Week 2: Understanding normal (theory) > Flashcards

Week 2: Understanding normal (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 components of a good theory?

A
  1. Explain
  2. Predict
  3. Increase understanding
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2
Q

Define each term:
1. genotype
2. phenotype
3. multifactorial inheritance
4. polygenetic

A
  1. the specific genetic material on an individuals chromosomes
  2. the observed characteristic
  3. inheriting genes from the environment
  4. many traits coming together. Ex: skin colour
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3
Q

Answer based on the biological theory:
1. What is the biological theory?
2. What is the 100 year effect?
3. The conditions of our early life determine our _____ for developing diseases in our lives.
4. T/F: men have no effect on the baby
5. T/F: Epigenetics is the effects of the immediate environment

A
  1. studies epigenetics and how genes are turned on and off depending on the environment in which we are conceived and born into
  2. nutrition/experiences flows from one generation to the next. Those of your grandmothers are passed to us.
  3. Risk
  4. F
  5. F
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4
Q

Why is life expectancy increasing? What is decreasing however?

A

life expectancy is increasing because chronic diseases has been killing fewer people each year. HOWEVER, our health is decreasing and people are getting sicker. This means that diseases like obesity, diabetes, heart disease have been predominately affecting young people more

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5
Q

Describe the 4 evolutionary theories?

A
  1. Ethology = genetically determined survival behaviours assumed to have evolved through NS
  2. Behaviour genetics = related people are more similar then unrealted
  3. Evolutionary psychology =genetically inherited cognitive social traits have evolved through NS
  4. evolutionary developmental psychology = genetically inherited cognitive social traits promote survival and adaptations at different times across one’s lifespan
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6
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of biological/evolutionary theory

A

advantages: allows for precision medicine
disadvantages: looks at heredity and how genes influence health, rather than the many other SDH

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7
Q

what are psychoanalytic theories? Name the 4 and who founded each one

A

Describe how developmental change occurs due to the influence of internal drives and emotions on behaviour
1. Freud’s Psychosexual theory
2. Erikson’s psychosocial theory
3. Maslow’s Humanistic alternative theory
4. Roger’s inherent optimism

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8
Q
  1. describe Freud’s psychosexual theory (basic definition)
  2. describe the 3 parts of personality? Give examples
  3. _______ is an instinctual sexual drive
A
  1. says that behaviour is determined by conscious and unconscious processes - parts of the personality
  2. Id = present at birth. unconscious need for pleasure, selfish and demanding. ex: an infant cries when they are hungry for food
    Ego = age 2. reduces conflict between id and superego by introducing defence mechanisms. this is the reality principle. Ex: a child wants to eat but knows that they have to wait for lunch time
    superego = age 5. our internal morals (morality principle) that we learn from our same sex parent that punishes our ego for any wrong through guilt. Ex: a child eats a candy before lunch and feels bad because though their mom said to wait until after lunch
  3. libido
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9
Q
  1. what are freud’s 5 stages of the psychosexual theory? Describe each and what happens if fixation occurred at each stage
  2. what are advan and disadv of the theory?
A
  1. Oral = 0-2. achieves gratification through thumb sucking, feeding. Fixation -smoking, overeating
  2. Anal = 2-3. Learns when to go to the bathroom. Fixation- orderliness, or messy
  3. Phallic = 3-7. Learns the difference between men and women and is aware of sexuality. fixation- vanity, recklessness, modest
  4. Latency = 7-1. sexual urges are quiet. Fixation- nothing
  5. Genital = 11-adult. independent and learns to deal maturely with opposite sex. fixation- adults successfully integrated earlier stages and emerge with sexual maturity

advan = good for following an orderly path
disad = cannot predict behaviours at every stage. the latency stage has no fixation or anything significant that occurs. Fixation is also hard to test and unpredictable- cannot assume that just because someone smokes, it means they got stuck in the oral phase and never developed past it

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10
Q
  1. Describe Erikson’s psychosocial theory (basic definition)
  2. How is it different from Freud’s theory?
A
  1. describes the interactions between inner instincts and cultural demands. 8 crises which people have to overcome and move through in order to develop
  2. Freud = only to age 18, Erikson = full life
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11
Q

What are the 8 stages, associated crises, and important events in Erikson’s psychosocial theory?

A
  1. Infancy = trust vs mistrust, feeding/comfort
  2. early childhood = autonomy vs shame and doubt, toilet training/dressing
  3. preschool = initiative vs guilt, exploration/play
  4. school age = industry vs inferiority, school/activities
  5. adolescence = identity vs role confusion, social relationships/identity
  6. young adult = intimacy vs isolation, intimate relationships
  7. middle adulthood = generatively vs stagnation, work and parenthood
  8. maturity = ego identity vs despair, reflection on life
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12
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Erikson’s psychosocial theory?

A

good = goes beyond 18, focuses on emotional quality of the child’s early relationship with parents

bad = linear, assumes that everyone will follow this, hard to test and measure

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13
Q
  1. what is the humanistic alternative theory
  2. describe the levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A
  1. internal drives pushes our abilities to develop. Our most important internal drive is to achieve one’s full potential - self actualization is the ultimate goal
  2. physiological needs (basic need), safety needs (basic need), belongingness and love needs (psychological need), esteem needs (psychological need), self actualization (self-fulfillment need)
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14
Q
  1. what is the theory of inherent optimism?
  2. what is a weakness?
A
  1. capacity of each person to become a fully functioning person without guilt or seriously distorting defenses
  2. hard to test and measure, can’t know if someone is self actualized
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15
Q

what are the strengths of humanistic alternative and inherent optimism?

A
  • responsibility is on the person
  • motivations shape development
  • no time line which is good since development is not linear
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16
Q

What are learning theories and what are the 2 types?

A

focus is on how experiences in the environment shape the child human behaviour. The 2 types are Pavlov’s classical and Skinner’s operant conditioning

17
Q

What is classical conditioning? Give a real example.

A

association of a stimulus with an involuntary response. Unconditioned responses lead to conditioned responses. Ex: you have an unconditioned response and an unconditioned stimulus. Then introduce a neutral stimulus. During conditioning the neutral stimulus will turn into a conditioned stimulus that will make a conditioned response. Dog with the food

18
Q

_____________ responses lead to conditioned responses

A

unconditioned

19
Q

What is the operant conditioning? Give definitions of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment

A

operant conditioning involves extinction and shaping a behaviour using punishments and reinforcements. The punishments attempt to decrease a behaviour and the reinforcements attempt to increase a behaviour

positive punishment: adding something to decrease a behaviour
negative punishment: taking something away to decrease a behaviour
positive reinforcement: adding something to increase a behaviour
negative reinforcement: taking something away to increase a behaviour

20
Q

If __________ in operant conditioning goes away, the behaviour will most likely come back

A

punishment

21
Q

Give examples of positive and negative punishment and reinforcement

A

positive punishment: giving a speeding ticket to decrease speeding
negative punishment: taking away their driving license to decrease speeding
positive reinforcement: getting praised for doing well on a test to encourage the behaviour again
negative reinforcement: putting on your seatbelt to stop the beeping

22
Q

What is good and bad about learning theories?

A

good = explains consistency and change in behaviour, optimistic about possibility of change and gives an accurate picture of how behaviours are learned and unlearned

bad = not developmental (age related/stage changes not discussed)

23
Q

What are cognitive theories? what are the 4 types?

A

emphasize mental aspects of development like logic and memory
1. Piaget - scheme, assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium
2. Information processing - computer as human thinking
3. Vygotsky - scaffolding and ZPD
4. Bandura- reciprocal determinism

24
Q

Describe Piaget’s cognitive theory with an example. What are the drawbacks?

A

Scheme = procedure to follow with a circumstance
assimilation = process of applying schemes to experiences
accommodation = changing the scheme as a result of new information
equilibrium = balancing assimilation with accommodation to create schemes that fit the environment

drawbacks: development is actually less staged that this

25
Q

describe information processing. What are the drawbacks?

A

using computers as a model of human thinking with memory process. Problem is that human behaviour is not like a computer- we forget things

26
Q

Describe Vygotsky’s theory. Give an example

A

social interactions origins. Physical or verbal help to a child so they develop a skill they have been trying to master
scaffolding = guidance from an adult that would allow a child to work in the zone of proximal development
Zone of proximal development: a child is trying to master a skill, but cannot quite do it without help
Ex: helping a child learn to walk by holding their hands (scaffolding) because they are not capable of doing it yet (zone of proximal development)

27
Q

what is bandura’s theory?

A

learning occurs through observation and imitation from others. Connects person, environment and behaviour together. Involves reciprocal determinism = our behaviours impact those of others.

28
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development? Give the ages

A
  1. sensorimotor (0-2) = coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curiosity about the world, language used for demands and cataloguing. object permanence is developed (object still exists even if hidden).
  2. preoperational (2-7) = symbolic thinking, use of grammar to express concepts. Imagination and intuition is strong but complex abstract thinking is difficult. Conservation developed
  3. concrete operational (7-11) = concepts attached to concrete situations. Time, space and quantity are understand and can be applied but not as independent concepts
  4. formal operational (11+) = abstract thinking and logic. forming theoretical, hypothetical and counterfactual thinking. Strategy and planning is possible. Concepts in one concept can be applied to another
29
Q

What are the overall critiques of cognitive theories?

A

ignores emotions, creativity and imaginations. underplays the effects of environment on our decisions

30
Q

what is the systems theory and who proposed it?

A

personal and external factors from a dynamic integrated system. Bronfenbrenner bio systems theory

31
Q

___________ the ‘whole’ is primary and often greater than the sum of its parts. Realizing that A B C and D does not equal the whole, because there is more involved

A

holism

32
Q

__________ is a result of adaptative adjustment

A

wellness

33
Q

____________ identifies individual and contextual variables that affect development and how they interact

A

classification

34
Q

describe each part of bronfenbrenner’s biological systems theory

A
  1. microsystem = interactions in immediate environment; parents, school, friends
  2. mesosystem = interactions between those in microsystem; parents + teachers
  3. exosystem = social institutions that affect the child indirectly. parents work settings
  4. macrosystem = broader cultural laws, and values, government
  5. chronosystem = changes that occur during a child’s life personally (birth of sibling) and culturally (war)
35
Q

what is the complexity theory? What is good and bad about it?

A

grew out of systems theory, interactions and feedback loops that change systems
systems are unpredictable but constrained by order (decisions can be predictable)

good = makes sense of childhood development involving adversity, moves away from simplification of development
bad = lots of time to use utilize this theory

36
Q

what is anti-reductionist? What’s an example

A

oversimplification in nature - example is some theories make child development very linear and easy to follow when it is the reality

HS 2700 (9 decks)

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