Week 7: School age (6-8 years)

Question 1

What are the growth patterns for children in this stage? (How much do they grow?)

Answer 1

The physical changes are not as easily observable, but they grow 5cm-8cm in height and gain 2.75 kg per year

Question 2

Explain gross and fine muscle coordination at this stage

Answer 2

gross (large) muscle coordination improves - increases in strength, speed and hand eye coordination
fine motor skills makes writing possible, drawing, cutting paper and food

Question 3

Explain myelinization at this stage and what is it linked to

Answer 3

Myelinization occurs with the neural axons in the cerebral cortex. This is linked to the improvements seen in fine motor coordination and hand eye coordination

Question 4

right hemisphere ____________ increases spatial _____________

Answer 4

lateralization, perception

Question 5

What is lateralization of the brain?

Answer 5

describes how each side of the brain has a specialized function and processes information to control different types of motor behaviour

Question 6

What 3 forms of spatial perception increase as a result of right hemisphere lateralization? Explain

Answer 6

1. L/R orientation = can tell left from right apart
2. spacial cognition = boys are better with spatial orientation from their play preferences
3. visual experience = important in math, spatial perception, solving problems

Question 7

Why would boys be better at spatial orientation at this stage?

Answer 7

their early play preferences enhance the ability

Question 8

1. ___/___ of overweight children become overweight adults
2. What long term health conditions are overweight and obese children at risk of?

Answer 8

1. 1/2
2. type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease

Question 9

Is health a prime focus at this stage? Why?

Answer 9

Yes. Because this is the prime development stage so health should be a main priority to encourage healthy habits and promote long term good health in the future

Question 10

1. What is BMI?
2. What are the drawbacks of BMI?
3. Why would we use BMI?
4. (higher/lower) numbers = greater correlation to death? What range is considered obese?
5. What are some other methods of measuring obesity?

Answer 10

1. BMI = weight/height
2. • sometimes not accurate to depict how much muscle vs body fat a person has since muscle weighs more than fat
     - doesn’t take into account race/cultural differences
3. easy, fast and cheap (accurate most times), most universally used method
4. higher. 30-40
5. underwater, waist circumference, metabolic cart

Question 11

1. What is the daily duration of PA that is recommended for children at this age?
2. ___/___ of children fail to meet the recommended daily duration of PA
3. What is the daily sedentary behaviour recommendation? (sitting)
4. ___% exceed the sedentary recommendation

Answer 11

1. 60 mins per day
2. 1/4
3. no more than 2 hours
4. 37%

Question 12

What stage of cognitive development (Piaget) is present at age 6-8? Explain what happens

Answer 12

Concrete operational stage = concepts are attached to concrete situations. Children can understand space, time and quantity but they cannot apply these concepts independently

Question 13

1. _________ is a type of thinking that take many variables into account. What is an example of this?
2. __________ is the understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed. What is an example of this?

Answer 13

1. decentration. Understanding that water can exist as a solid, liquid and gas
2. reversibility. Water can go from liquid to solid and then back into a liquid

Question 14

there is an increase in _________ logic
__________ logic is not as strong

Answer 14

inductive, deductive

Question 15

What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning

Answer 15

inductive = going from a specific experience to a general principle
deductive = going from a general principle to a conclusion

Question 16

_____ term memory capacity significantly improves

Answer 16

short term

Question 17

executive processes are improved with the use of ____________

Answer 17

information processing strategies

Question 18

What are executive processes?

Answer 18

an advancement in information processing skills that involves devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems based on knowing how the mind works

Question 19

Kids in this stage have awareness over the fact that they _______ how they think and learn. This is called __________

Answer 19

control, metacognition

Question 20

__________ are cognitive processes that are necessary for cognitive control of behaviours.

Answer 20

executive functions

Question 21

What are examples of executive functions?

Answer 21

attentional control, cognitive inhibitions, working attention, cognitive flexibility, information processing and problem solving

Question 22

_______ is mental or vocal repetition
________ is the process of grouping ideas, objects/words into clusters to help remember them

Answer 22

rehearsal
organization

Question 23

T/F: organization works better for things children already have knowledge and experience with

Answer 23

T

Question 24

1. Explain language in this stage.
2. What is expansion?

Answer 24

1. masters basic grammar and pronunciation
2. expansion = the process of maintaining the topic of conversation by creating unambiguous sentences and connecting topics

Question 25

1. the focus of education at this stage is _______
2. ______-________ connection assist with writing, spelling and grammar
3. what is phonological awareness?

Answer 25

1. literacy
2. sound symbol connection
3. Phonological awareness is the ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of sentences and words; like identifying words that rhyme

Question 26

1. What is the theory of multiple intelligences? Who proposed the theory?
2. Explain the 8 multiple intelligences

Answer 26

1. people do not have just an intellectual capacity, but have many kinds of intelligence. Gardener proposed
2. • Linguistic - ability to use language
   • Logical/mathematical - numbers and logical problem solving
   • Musical - make music
   • Spatial - spatial awareness
   • Bodily/Kinaesthetic - move coordinated
   • Naturalist - make distinctions between flora and fauna (plants and animals) or patterns and designs of human artifacts
   • Interpersonal - sensitivity to behaviour, moods and needs of others
   • Intrapersonal - understand yourself

Question 27

What are Sternberg’s 3 components of intelligence? Give examples

Answer 27

1. contextual = knowing the right behaviour for specific situations. Ex: in a situation of fight or flight
2. experiential = learning to give specific responses without thinking about them. Ex: your friend is crying and you are able to comfort them without thinking how to
3. componential = ability to come up with effective strategies. Ex: you are stressed and you figure out your plan to destress

Question 28

random definitions??:
______ is a word used to describe problem solving
________ is a word used to describe the accumulation of knowledge

Answer 28

fluid, crystalled

Question 29

___% of people have learning disabilities from childhood

Answer 29

10%

Question 30

1. an ________ child is a who has special learning needs. There may need to be ____________ when teaching to help the child achieve the outcomes of the curriculum
2. What is IEPS programs?

Answer 30

1. exceptional, accommodations
2. accommodating programs to even the playing field for the special children

Question 31

Freud believed challenges in middle childhood were to form emotional bonds with ______ and move beyond those with _________

Answer 31

peers, parents

Question 32

1. What are the 5 dimensions of personality?Explain (OCEAN)
2. are these traits stable? What does stability of these traits contribute to feelings of?

Answer 32

1. • Openness = degree of intellectual curiosity, creativity and a preference for novelty
   • Conscientiousness = tendency to be organized and dependable
   • Extraversion = tendency to seek the company of others and talk
   • Agreeableness = measure of one’s trusting and helpful nature
   • Neuroticism = predisposition to psychological stress
2. These are stable during this stage. Stability = competence

Question 33

What crises from Erikson’s psychosocial model is present?

Answer 33

industry vs inferiority

Question 34

What 2 new components of self concepts are introduced at this stage? Describe both

Answer 34

1. psychological self = understanding your stable internal traits, psychological self is complex and abstract, self efficacy
2. valued self = evaluation of self worth, eroding self esteem during this stage

Question 35

What are the 7 steps to being an active listener?

Answer 35

1. Empathize
2. Be attentive
3. Appropriate non-verbal behaviours
4. Reflect on what they said (do not give advice)
5. Do not mention your own experiences
6. Remain neutral, no sides
7. Ask open ended questions

Question 36

children’s ability to understand others is enhanced by the development of the theory of ______ in early childhood

Answer 36

theory of mind

Question 37

T/F: 6-7 year olds focus on inner qualities and traits whereas, 7-8 year olds tend to focus on physical features

Answer 37

F. 6-7 = physical features, 7-8 = inner qualities and traits

Question 38

What is the importance of having meals together as a family?

Answer 38

• better academic success
• fewer behavioural problems
• psychological adjustment
• better nutrition

Question 39

1. Why is aggression less common in this stage?
2. What are 3 things that violence depicted in TV leads to?

Answer 39

1. because children learn culturally what is appropriate and how much anger is acceptable to display
2. • emotional desensitization of violence
   • belief that aggression is good for solving problems
   • reduction in pro social behaviour - do desire to help others

Question 40

Did the pandemic impact children’s resilience more or less than previously hypothesized? Why?

Answer 40

less. kids are better able to adapt sometimes than adults, surrounded by family, children use technology with ease