Week 5: The toddler (age 2-3 years)

Question 1

1. Explain motor development during this stage (gross and fine motor movements)
2. How can motor movements be stacked at this stage?

Answer 1

1. gross motor = runs, climbs on furniture unaided, hauls and shoves big toys around obstacles
   fine motor = picks up small objects, throws a ball
2. ex: standing and throwing a ball

Question 2

each year from 2 to adolescence, children gain about ___-___cm in height and ____kg in weight

Answer 2

5-8 cm, 2.7kg

Question 3

1. T/F: kids with higher motor activity levels has less control over their behaviour, making task achievement difficult
2. T/F: children’s motor activity levels increase non-linearly
3. T/F: most kids eat sufficient quantities of food but not at regular meals

Answer 3

1. F. high motor activity = better control over behaviours for successful task achievement
2. F. increases linearly with age
3. T

Question 4

2/3 mothers reported that their child watched ____ hours or more per day.
if background television is included, very young children are exposed to an average of ____ hours of television each day. Why is this bad?

Answer 4

2, 4
- delayed language development and kindergarten readiness skills
- attention disorders
- sleep problems
- social problems
- low academic achievement (math, reading)
- victimization from classmates (being teased, rejected, bullying)
- higher BMI from increased consumption of junk food and low PA

Question 5

What are the 3 categories of ACES? Give examples under each category

Answer 5

1. Abuse: physical, emotional, sexual
2. Neglect: physical, emotional
3. Household dysfunction: mental illness, incarcerated relative, divorce, mother treated violently, substance abuse

Question 6

1. there is a ___% exposure to IPV nationwide. It is very likely that ________ can also be victims
2. physical abuse = ___%
3. emotional abuse = ___%
4. sexual abuse = ___%

Answer 6

1. 34%, children
2. 20%
3. 9%
4. 3%

Question 7

1. T/F: witnessing IPV is a form of child maltreatment
2. there is a relationship between childhood violence from IPV and having continued exposure as an ______

Answer 7

1. T
2. Adult

Question 8

1. describe the cycle of IPV
2. What is witnessing IPV as a child associated with?

Answer 8

1. Adult IPV –> child direct and indirect exposure
   –> bullying/peer aggression –> dating violence –>
2. associated with sleep problems, fear, immaturity, decreased language development, aggressiveness, antisocial behaviours, and violence

Question 9

what is childhood trauma?

Answer 9

threats that are so severe or pervasive that they change our physiology such as our brain development , immune system, hormones, how DNA is transcribed, heart disease risk, life expectancy

Question 10

How is childhood trauma treated most of the time? What should be changed?

Answer 10

Treated as a social problem where social services need to deal with it/as a mental health problem. Should be treated as something that has an issue of ACE and as a public health threat

Question 11

the ACE study found a ___% prevalence of 1 ACE and ___% prevalence of 4 or more. There was a ____ response relationship between ACES and adverse health outcomes

Answer 11

67%, 13%, dose

Question 12

What is the bodies stress response system called and how is it affected from ACES?

Answer 12

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis is the bodies stress response system that controls fight or flight. When there is repeated fight or flight (through abuse) the stress activation is constantly on and your body cannot handle this. So your DNA can even be negatively effected leading to sickness and adverse health outcomes in the future.

Question 13

1. ________ is the degree of intensity and duration of a stressor that is related to the intensity of the response
2. What is resilience? why is it difficult to measure?

Answer 13

1. exposure effect
2. resilience is the ability to bounce back from situations of adversity. difficult to measure because it is different in everyone. We do not know if it is a trait, something we are born with or an outcome of an experience

Question 14

explain the scale of resilience

Answer 14

we have a scale with a fulcrum in the middle that has a side of negative outcomes and positive outcomes. Our genes shape where the fulcrum is at the start (so it can be slightly more on the negative side). Experiences will move the fulcrum for better or for worse. Positive outcomes like responsible adults, healthy relationships, support can move the scale more positive

Question 15

1. _________ is play at age 2 where children use objects to build or construct things (build a tower, draw a picture)
2. ___________ is when the child uses an object for something other than for its intended purpose/pretends with an object (pretends to drink from a cup)
3. __________ is play where they use objects to stand for something completely different (ex: broom as a horse)

Answer 15

1. constructive play
2. first pretend play
3. substitute pretend play

Question 16

1. ________ is the belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way that they do. Proposed by _______
2. What was proposed against this however

Answer 16

1. egocentrism, piaget
2. Flavell determined that by age 2-3 the child knows that others experience things differently in a way more sophisticated than previously thought

Question 17

__________ is thinking about the world in terms of one variable at a time

Answer 17

concentration

Question 18

what is theories of mind

Answer 18

the understanding that other people have experiences and mental states outside that of our own –> allows us to empathize with others

Question 19

1. at 2 years old how many words exist in the vocabulary?
2. _________ is the ability to categorically link new words to real work referents
3. ______________ is understanding sound patterns through songs, games and repetition of words

Answer 19

1. 600
2. fast mapping
3. phonological awareness

Question 20

what crises of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is present at this stage? explain

Answer 20

autonomy vs shame and doubt. desire to be independent and then dealing with shame when they can’t do something

Question 21

Explain the 6 types of play. What age groups are for each type?

Answer 21

1. Unoccupied play = playing alone with little movement, seems random and without purpose; about observing and taking in the world around us
2. Solitary play = so into what we are doing we don’t notice anyone else. all ages
3. Onlooker play = watch and learn but don’t join in
4. Parallel play = mimic activities of others; type of learning play, 14-18 months
5. Associative play = start to become interested in joining others in their play activities. 18 months
6. Cooperative play = ready to play as part of the group; learn to work with others, accept rules and form social bonds . 3-4 years old

Question 22

1. _________ is behaviour intended to harm another person or damage an object
2. T/F: parental aggression increases chances of child being aggressive too

Answer 22

1. aggression
2. T

Question 23

_________ is behaviour intended to help another person. _______ is key to developing this

Answer 23

prosocial behaviour, empathy

Question 24

what are the 4 steps of empathy?

Answer 24

1. perspective taking
2. stay out of judgement
3. recognize emotions
4. communicate that you recognize emotions

Question 25

What is the difference between gender identity vs stability?

Answer 25

gender identity = ability to correctly label oneself and others as male or female
gender stability = understanding that gender is a stable lifelong characteristic