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PSY 324 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False:
Much of nature is symmetrical
◂ The human brain is asymmetrical
◂ Divided into left and right hemispheres
◂ Each has different functions
◂ Each controls the opposite side of the body,

A

True
with some exceptions!

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2
Q

Division of labor between the two hemispheres is
known as

A

lateralization

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3
Q

Information is exchanged between hemispheres
through

A

The corpus callosum
◂ The anterior commissure
◂ The hippocampal commissure
◂ A few other small commissures

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4
Q

The corpus callosum allows each hemisphere of
the brain access to information from

A

both sides

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5
Q

The hemispheres communicate with the rest of the body

A

contralaterally (opposite)

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6
Q

In most humans, the left side is specialized for

A

language
(True for 95 percent of right-handers and 80 percent of left-handers)

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7
Q

True / False: Adults activate the right hemisphere during speech more than young children do

A

FALSE
(As they grow older, most of them gradually suppress the right
hemisphere during speech and emphasize the left hemisphere)

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8
Q

True / False: One section of the temporal cortex, planum temporale (Wernicke’s Area), is larger in the left side for 65 percent of people.

A

True
(Similar differences have been found in chimpanzees, bonobos, and
gorillas)

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9
Q

Although the hemispheres work contralaterraly for most things, like movement and sight audio works differently as _________

A

Each ear sends the information to both sides of the brain
◂ Brain areas must compare input from both ears for localization
However, Each hemisphere STILL does pay more attention to the ear on the opposite side (semi-contralateral)

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10
Q

condition characterized by repeated episodes of excessive
synchronized neural activity

_________ activity rebounds back and forth between the
hemispheres and causes issues (ie. Seizures)

A

Epilepsy

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11
Q

Damage to the corpus callosum prevents the hemispheres from

A

exchanging information

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12
Q

One way to combat epilepsy other than anti-epileptic drugs is to _____________________, this is known as _______________

A
  1. cutting the corpus callosum
  2. Split-brain operation
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13
Q

True / False: People with the split brain operation tend to use hands more independently

A

True

Maintain normal intellect and motivation & Still able to walk and talk

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14
Q

Sperry (1974) revealed behavioral differences for spilt brain people and that ______________

A

Have difficulty naming objects briefly viewed in the left visual field

A small amount of information can still be transferred via several smaller commissures

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15
Q

Gazzaniga (2000) proposed the concept of the left brain as the ____________, and the right brain as the __________________

A

“Interpreter”
Left hemisphere:Tendency to invent and defend explanations for actions, even when true causes are unconscious

“Big Picture”
Right hemisphere: more adept at comprehending spatial relationships (NOT SPEECH), Helps see the “big picture”, Helps relate what one hears to the overall context (body language, actions, etc)

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16
Q

How Did Language Evolve

A

Language may have evolved from communication by GESTURES and sounds in combination

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17
Q

Research suggests a sensitive period exists for the learning of language, this is _________ up to ____________

A

Children up to early adolescence

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18
Q

True / False: Those who begin learning a second language after age 12 rarely gain fluency equal to a native speaker.

A

True

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19
Q

Two areas in the brain incredibly important for language

A

Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area

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20
Q

Articulate/fluent speech

Recognition of items is often not impaired; but the ability to find
words / form coherent sentences is impaired

Poor language comprehension - Difficulty understanding speech

A

Wernicke’s/fluent aphasia

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21
Q

Difficulty finding the right word

A

anomia

22
Q

Serious impairment in language production

slow and awkward with
all forms of language communication

Can understand grammar and logical words and sentences, but cannot answer in language production correctly

A

Broca’s Aphasia

23
Q

Broca’s First Patient

A

“Tan” (1861)
Victor Leborngne
◂ Chronic language impairment; only
able to say “tan”
◂ Damage to left, posterior frontal lobe

Despite being limited to saying “tan”, Leborgne was
able to effortlessly sing popular French anthems

24
Q

Multistep Process
1. Humming while tapping hand
2. Intoning sentence while tapping hand
3. Unison intoning while tapping
4. Unison intoning while fading
5. Immediate repetition
6. Time delay repetition (6 seconds)
7. Time delay probe question

A

Melodic Intonation Therapy

25
Q

Therapy that uses:
Limited-pitch melodies that do not resemble popular music
◂ Each target sentence is “composed” so that the inflection
pattern, rhythm, and stresses are similar to the speech
prosody of that sentence
◂ Right hemisphere melodic production supports neuroplastic
reorganization of language funtion in left hemisphere

A

Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)

26
Q

Aphasia and Wellbeing

A

Occurs in 25%-40% or stroke survivors
◂ Psychological wellbeing is drastically impacted
◂ 30% lose entire friend group in one year
◂ 62% have depression 12 months after diagnosis
◂ Worst quality of life when compared to other serious diseases such as
cancer and Alzheimer’s

27
Q

Physical and behavioral traits shared by all people evolved over a
period of approximately six million years
Human evolution: the lengthy process of change

We observe what is around us and, without any awareness, we decompose it into elements and see their statistics; by so doing, we give everything an identity. In jargon, we call it “unsupervised learning”. The more often these elements compose themselves in a precise organisation, the better we will be at giving that structure a meaning, be it a group of letters or an animal, a plant or an object. And this, say the scientists, occurs not only in children, but also in adults. “There is, in short, an adaptive development to stimuli which regularly occur. And this is important not only to understand how our brain functions, but also to enhance artificial intelligence systems that base their “learning” on these same statistical principles”.

A

Neuronal Recycling Hypothesis

28
Q

Specific reading impairment
– More common in boys
– High heritability though no common genetic variant has a large effect
– Occurs in all languages
– Difficulty converting words into sounds

■ Abnormalities in the left hemisphere
– Visual word form area responds less strongly to words and more
strongly to other objects.
– Some have problems with poor auditory memory.
– Some have impaired eye movements.
■ Heterogeneous Disorder

A

Dyslexia

29
Q

Numbers are a ______ cultural invention

A

recent
– Hindu-Arabic numerals originated in India ~ 6 th or 7 th century
Force the brain to ‘recycle’ evolutionary older brain regions
Dehaene and Cohen, 2007

30
Q

The Arithmetic Brain

A

■ Fronto-parietal arithmetic network
■ Frontal brain regions thought to be related to domain-general
processes (cognitive control, working memory)
■ Parietal brain regions thought to be more domain-specific
(number processing)

31
Q

In the arithmetic brain, what is brain area is mainly responsible for “retrieval” of numerical information

A

Left Angular Gyrus

32
Q

In the arithmetic brain, what is brain area is mainly responsible for “calculation” of numerical information

A

BOTH Front and Parietal parts of the brain

33
Q

Specific Math Impairment
■ Dysfunction of parietal lobe
– Intraparietal sulcus
■ Root cause
– Magnitude Representation
– Mapping Deficit

A

Dyscalculia

34
Q

Worry or fear about
performing math
calculations
■ Overactivation of emotion
regions
– Amygdala (fear)
– Insula (pain)
■ More common in females

A

Math Anxiety

35
Q

■ White dots are flashing in
different orientations
■ Strong response to the flashing
dots decreases awareness of the
steady dot and the brain’s
response to it
– (Yuval-Greenberg and
Heeger, 2013).

A

Flash Suppression

36
Q

A common way to measure consciousness / popular tool for investigating visual processing outside of awareness

A

Flash Suppression

37
Q

A brief visual stimulus is preceded, followed, or both by longer interfering stimuli

A

Masking

38
Q

slow and gradual shifts of the eye sweeping from one
side to another

A

Binocular rivalry
- Brain activity corresponds to reports of which stimulus is salient
- Brain fuses together similar images

39
Q

Consciousness requires the integration of
__________

A

information

40
Q

Cerebral cortex has________________________ enabling each area to influence many others and receive feedback from the others.

A

long-range reciprocal
connections

41
Q

Two Main Types of Attention

A

Top Down
Bottom Up

42
Q

Attention that is
■ Intentional
■ E.g., Looking for someone you
know in a group
■ Prefrontal,Parietal Cortex, Visual Cortex

A

Top Down

43
Q

Attention that is
■ Reaction to a stimulus
■ E.g., A deer runs past you in
the park, grabbing your
attention
- Thalamus, Primary Visual Cortex

A

Bottom Up

44
Q

The neurotransmitters involved in lust

A

Testosterone
Estrogen

45
Q

The neurotransmitters involved in Attraction

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

46
Q

The neurotransmitters involved in Attachment

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin

47
Q

Giving oxytocin in a nasal spray resulted in Men _________________

A

– Men viewed photos of their significant other and other people.
■ Rated their significant other much higher when given oxytocin
– Men in a relationship stood further away from an attractive woman
when given oxytocin.

48
Q

True / False: oxytocin can increase attention to social cues.

A

True

49
Q

Studies that assess brain response to peer rejection by making children think that they are
being rejected or excluded by unknown children
– E.g., “Cyberball” game (Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000)
– E.g., Peer chat room simulations

A

Virtual social exclusion experiments

50
Q

Areas of the brain that respond to exclusion are those involved in
feeling __________ (e.g, Eisenberg & Lieberman, 2004)

A

physical pain

PSY 324 (11 decks)

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