Week 9

Question 1

True or False:
Much of nature is symmetrical
◂ The human brain is asymmetrical
◂ Divided into left and right hemispheres
◂ Each has different functions
◂ Each controls the opposite side of the body,

Answer 1

True
with some exceptions!

Question 2

Division of labor between the two hemispheres is
known as

Answer 2

lateralization

Question 3

Information is exchanged between hemispheres
through

Answer 3

The corpus callosum
◂ The anterior commissure
◂ The hippocampal commissure
◂ A few other small commissures

Question 4

The corpus callosum allows each hemisphere of
the brain access to information from

Answer 4

both sides

Question 5

The hemispheres communicate with the rest of the body

Answer 5

contralaterally (opposite)

Question 6

In most humans, the left side is specialized for

Answer 6

language
(True for 95 percent of right-handers and 80 percent of left-handers)

Question 7

True / False: Adults activate the right hemisphere during speech more than young children do

Answer 7

FALSE
(As they grow older, most of them gradually suppress the right
hemisphere during speech and emphasize the left hemisphere)

Question 8

True / False: One section of the temporal cortex, planum temporale (Wernicke’s Area), is larger in the left side for 65 percent of people.

Answer 8

True
(Similar differences have been found in chimpanzees, bonobos, and
gorillas)

Question 9

Although the hemispheres work contralaterraly for most things, like movement and sight audio works differently as _________

Answer 9

Each ear sends the information to both sides of the brain
◂ Brain areas must compare input from both ears for localization
However, Each hemisphere STILL does pay more attention to the ear on the opposite side (semi-contralateral)

Question 10

condition characterized by repeated episodes of excessive
synchronized neural activity

_________ activity rebounds back and forth between the
hemispheres and causes issues (ie. Seizures)

Answer 10

Epilepsy

Question 11

Damage to the corpus callosum prevents the hemispheres from

Answer 11

exchanging information

Question 12

One way to combat epilepsy other than anti-epileptic drugs is to _____________________, this is known as _______________

Answer 12

1. cutting the corpus callosum
2. Split-brain operation

Question 13

True / False: People with the split brain operation tend to use hands more independently

Answer 13

True

Maintain normal intellect and motivation & Still able to walk and talk

Question 14

Sperry (1974) revealed behavioral differences for spilt brain people and that ______________

Answer 14

Have difficulty naming objects briefly viewed in the left visual field

A small amount of information can still be transferred via several smaller commissures

Question 15

Gazzaniga (2000) proposed the concept of the left brain as the ____________, and the right brain as the __________________

Answer 15

“Interpreter”
Left hemisphere:Tendency to invent and defend explanations for actions, even when true causes are unconscious

“Big Picture”
Right hemisphere: more adept at comprehending spatial relationships (NOT SPEECH), Helps see the “big picture”, Helps relate what one hears to the overall context (body language, actions, etc)

Question 16

How Did Language Evolve

Answer 16

Language may have evolved from communication by GESTURES and sounds in combination

Question 17

Research suggests a sensitive period exists for the learning of language, this is _________ up to ____________

Answer 17

Children up to early adolescence

Question 18

True / False: Those who begin learning a second language after age 12 rarely gain fluency equal to a native speaker.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Two areas in the brain incredibly important for language

Answer 19

Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area

Question 20

Articulate/fluent speech

Recognition of items is often not impaired; but the ability to find
words / form coherent sentences is impaired

Poor language comprehension - Difficulty understanding speech

Answer 20

Wernicke’s/fluent aphasia

Question 21

Difficulty finding the right word

Answer 21

anomia

Question 22

Serious impairment in language production

slow and awkward with
all forms of language communication

Can understand grammar and logical words and sentences, but cannot answer in language production correctly

Answer 22

Broca’s Aphasia

Question 23

Broca’s First Patient

Answer 23

“Tan” (1861)
Victor Leborngne
◂ Chronic language impairment; only
able to say “tan”
◂ Damage to left, posterior frontal lobe

Despite being limited to saying “tan”, Leborgne was
able to effortlessly sing popular French anthems

Question 24

Multistep Process
1. Humming while tapping hand
2. Intoning sentence while tapping hand
3. Unison intoning while tapping
4. Unison intoning while fading
5. Immediate repetition
6. Time delay repetition (6 seconds)
7. Time delay probe question

Answer 24

Melodic Intonation Therapy

Question 25

Therapy that uses: Limited-pitch melodies that do not resemble popular music ◂ Each target sentence is “composed” so that the inflection pattern, rhythm, and stresses are similar to the speech prosody of that sentence ◂ Right hemisphere melodic production supports neuroplastic reorganization of language funtion in left hemisphere

Answer 25

Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)

Question 26

Aphasia and Wellbeing

Answer 26

Occurs in 25%-40% or stroke survivors ◂ Psychological wellbeing is drastically impacted ◂ 30% lose entire friend group in one year ◂ 62% have depression 12 months after diagnosis ◂ Worst quality of life when compared to other serious diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s

Question 27

Physical and behavioral traits shared by all people evolved over a period of approximately six million years Human evolution: the lengthy process of change We observe what is around us and, without any awareness, we decompose it into elements and see their statistics; by so doing, we give everything an identity. In jargon, we call it "unsupervised learning". The more often these elements compose themselves in a precise organisation, the better we will be at giving that structure a meaning, be it a group of letters or an animal, a plant or an object. And this, say the scientists, occurs not only in children, but also in adults. "There is, in short, an adaptive development to stimuli which regularly occur. And this is important not only to understand how our brain functions, but also to enhance artificial intelligence systems that base their "learning" on these same statistical principles".

Answer 27

Neuronal Recycling Hypothesis

Question 28

Specific reading impairment – More common in boys – High heritability though no common genetic variant has a large effect – Occurs in all languages – Difficulty converting words into sounds ■ Abnormalities in the left hemisphere – Visual word form area responds less strongly to words and more strongly to other objects. – Some have problems with poor auditory memory. – Some have impaired eye movements. ■ Heterogeneous Disorder

Answer 28

Dyslexia

Question 29

Numbers are a ______ cultural invention

Answer 29

recent – Hindu-Arabic numerals originated in India ~ 6 th or 7 th century Force the brain to ‘recycle’ evolutionary older brain regions Dehaene and Cohen, 2007

Question 30

The Arithmetic Brain

Answer 30

■ Fronto-parietal arithmetic network ■ Frontal brain regions thought to be related to domain-general processes (cognitive control, working memory) ■ Parietal brain regions thought to be more domain-specific (number processing)

Question 31

In the arithmetic brain, what is brain area is mainly responsible for "retrieval" of numerical information

Answer 31

Left Angular Gyrus

Question 32

In the arithmetic brain, what is brain area is mainly responsible for "calculation" of numerical information

Answer 32

BOTH Front and Parietal parts of the brain

Question 33

Specific Math Impairment ■ Dysfunction of parietal lobe – Intraparietal sulcus ■ Root cause – Magnitude Representation – Mapping Deficit

Answer 33

Dyscalculia

Question 34

Worry or fear about performing math calculations ■ Overactivation of emotion regions – Amygdala (fear) – Insula (pain) ■ More common in females

Answer 34

Math Anxiety

Question 35

■ White dots are flashing in different orientations ■ Strong response to the flashing dots decreases awareness of the steady dot and the brain’s response to it – (Yuval-Greenberg and Heeger, 2013).

Answer 35

Flash Suppression

Question 36

A common way to measure consciousness / popular tool for investigating visual processing outside of awareness

Answer 36

Flash Suppression

Question 37

A brief visual stimulus is preceded, followed, or both by longer interfering stimuli

Answer 37

Masking

Question 38

slow and gradual shifts of the eye sweeping from one side to another

Answer 38

Binocular rivalry - Brain activity corresponds to reports of which stimulus is salient - Brain fuses together similar images

Question 39

Consciousness requires the integration of __________

Answer 39

information

Question 40

Cerebral cortex has________________________ enabling each area to influence many others and receive feedback from the others.

Answer 40

long-range reciprocal connections

Question 41

Two Main Types of Attention

Answer 41

Top Down Bottom Up

Question 42

Attention that is ■ Intentional ■ E.g., Looking for someone you know in a group ■ Prefrontal,Parietal Cortex, Visual Cortex

Answer 42

Top Down

Question 43

Attention that is ■ Reaction to a stimulus ■ E.g., A deer runs past you in the park, grabbing your attention - Thalamus, Primary Visual Cortex

Answer 43

Bottom Up

Question 44

The neurotransmitters involved in lust

Answer 44

Testosterone Estrogen

Question 45

The neurotransmitters involved in Attraction

Answer 45

Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin

Question 46

The neurotransmitters involved in Attachment

Answer 46

Oxytocin Vasopressin

Question 47

Giving oxytocin in a nasal spray resulted in Men _________________

Answer 47

– Men viewed photos of their significant other and other people. ■ Rated their significant other much higher when given oxytocin – Men in a relationship stood further away from an attractive woman when given oxytocin.

Question 48

True / False: oxytocin can increase attention to social cues.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Studies that assess brain response to peer rejection by making children think that they are being rejected or excluded by unknown children – E.g., “Cyberball” game (Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000) – E.g., Peer chat room simulations

Answer 49

Virtual social exclusion experiments

Question 50

Areas of the brain that respond to exclusion are those involved in feeling __________ (e.g, Eisenberg & Lieberman, 2004)

Answer 50

physical pain