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PSY 324 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical charge that runs down the axon from the axon hillock to the terminal buttons. It is a brief electrical signal that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon

A

Action Potential

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2
Q

Transmission of signal is dependent on the movement of ___

A

Ions (Charged Particles)

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3
Q

What are Ions?

A

Charged Particles

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4
Q

Ions are ______ distributed between the inside and outside of the cell

A

unequally

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5
Q

Ions enter and leave the cell through

A

Ion Channels

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6
Q

When all voltage-gated Na+ channels and most K+ channels are closed, and the Sodium-Potassium Pump moves 2 K+ into cell and 3 Na+ out of the cell to maintain an electrical gradient, this is known as

A

Resting Potential

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7
Q

The Sodium-Potassium pump (Ion Channel) is an example of a

A

protein
complex

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8
Q

When at rest, the neuron membrane maintains an _____ ______

A

Electrical gradient (because of the difference of charges from Ions on either side)

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9
Q

What is the approximate voltage of resting potential

A

-70 (mV)

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10
Q

When at resting potential, the membrane is labelled as

A

Polarized

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11
Q

The neuron membrane controls or is less open to certain chemicals moving freely across, this is known as

A

Selective Permeability

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12
Q
  1. What protein complex repeatedly pumps out 3 NA+ Ions, and brings in 2 NA+
  2. Why does it do this
A

Sodium Potassium Pump
To maintain the -70 mv resting potential (electrical gradient / polarization), as if it didn’t the neuron would depolarize.

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13
Q

difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell

A

electrical gradient

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14
Q

the difference in distribution of ions
across the membrane

A

concentration gradient

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15
Q

how is the electrical gradient voltage measured

A

voltmeter

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16
Q

When Some Na+ channels open allowing Na+ ions to enter cell, and the charge across the membrane lessens, this is known as

A

Depolarization

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17
Q

What is needed for all Na+ channels to suddenly open

A

threshold of excitation from a stimulus

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18
Q
  1. When do Na+ Channels start to close and K+ leaves the cell
  2. When Na+ channels close while K+ channels open, and K+ leaves cell. This is known as
A
  1. Peak Action Potential
  2. Repolarization, all the way until Hyperpolarization (once lots of k+ fully leave cell)
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19
Q

a stimulus needs to change the approximate voltage / electrical gradient to approx ____ to activate action potential

A

-55 (mV)

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20
Q

What is the approximate voltage / electrical gradient at PEAK action potential

A

+ 30- 40 (mV) (slides says 40)

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21
Q

2 Principles for Conduction of Action Potential

A
  1. All or None Law: Once an action potential is triggered in an axon, even by the minimum stimulus, neurons will fire always with the maximum response, even if intensity of stimulus increases or endures.
  2. Rate Law: the more intense a stimulus is, the FASTER the neuron will fire, but to the same level response as in All or none law.
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22
Q

What direction down the neuron does the action potential travel

A

Cell Body –> Axon – > Axon Terminal (depolarization moves in this order, while behind is repolarized, and ahead is still resting)

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23
Q

What is the approximate voltage / electrical gradient at Hyperpolarization

A

slightly higher than -70, up to 75 (mV)

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24
Q

Insulating layer that allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells

A

Myelin Sheath

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25
Q

Gaps in myelin that facilitates the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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26
Q

“jumping of
action potential from node to node (ranvier)

A

Saltatory Conduction

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27
Q

Why is Saltatory conduction effective in keeping signal fast

A

jumping minimizes signal loss, and at each node, Na+ is added to repolarize and keep fastest speed

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28
Q

____ is the place or gap where information is transmitted FROM one neuron to another neuron.

A

Synapse (not axon terminal, terminal is only where synapse connects to axon)

29
Q

Neuron that is transmitting a signal (towards a synapse)

A

Presynaptic Neuron

30
Q

Neuron Receiving signal (from a synapse)

A

Postsynaptic Neuron

31
Q

True or False: Mostly all Neurons are Pre or Post Synaptic

A

True

32
Q

circuit from sensory neuron
to muscle response

A

Reflex arc

33
Q

Charles Scott Sherrington founded the idea of ____ by experimenting on dogs

A

Reflex arc

34
Q

Charles Scott Sherrington’s three main findings / observations about the reflex arc

A
  1. Reflexes are slower than conduction along an axon.
  2. Several weak stimuli present at slightly different times OR locations produce a stronger reflex than a single stimulus.
  3. As one set of muscles becomes excited, another set relaxes.
35
Q

(Sherrington) The speed of conduction along an uninterrupted axon is approx ______ and is _______ than a reflex arc

A
  1. 40 meters / second
  2. Faster
36
Q

(Sherrington) The speed of conduction through a reflex arc is approx _______and is ____ than an uninterrupted axon

A
  1. 15 meters / second
  2. Slower
37
Q

Who discovered / made major finding in “Synaptic Delay”

A

Charles Scott Sherrington

38
Q
  1. Sherrington’s second finding (Several weak stimuli present at slightly different times OR locations produce a stronger reflex than a single stimulus) are shown through which two variations of a process
  2. What do each mean?
A
    • Temporal Summation
      - Spatial Summation
    • Spatial summation: simultaneous signals coming from multiple presynaptic neurons being received by a single postsynaptic neuron
    • Temporal summation: single presynaptic neuron rapid-firing signals to a postsynaptic neuron.
39
Q

A graded depolarization, Caused by positively charged sodium entering the neuron (IN TERMS OF A POTENTIAL)

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential
(EPSP)

40
Q

A Graded hyperpolarization caused by negatively charged
chloride ions entering the neuron (IN TERMS OF A POTENTIAL)

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
(IPSP)

41
Q

Two Kinds of Synapse

A
  1. Electrical Synapses
  2. Chemical Synapses
42
Q

Synapses can occur at 3 Main Places

A
  1. Dendrites = axodendritic synapse
  2. Soma = axosomatic synapse
  3. Other axons = axoaxonic synapse
43
Q

Neurons in the CNS communicate
with one another via

A

synapses / transmission of chemical
messengers

44
Q

The membrane of axon terminal, Where neurotransmitter is released (think synapse, signal from neuron has been SENT)

A

Presynaptic membrane

45
Q

The membrane opposite the axon
terminal button in a synapse that Receives the message (think synapse, signal from neuron is INCOMING)

A

Postsynaptic membrane

46
Q

Space between presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane (of the synapse)

A

Synaptic cleft

47
Q

A small, spherical
hollow organelle; contain molecules
of a neurotransmitter

A

Synaptic vesicle

48
Q

Chemical messengers that carry chemical
signals

A

Neurotransmitter

49
Q

A neurotransmitter that
binds

A

Ligand

50
Q

Transmembrane ion-channel
proteins which open to allow (e.g.,
Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻) to pass through
membrane in response to the
binding of a CHEMICAL MESSENGER

A

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

51
Q

How does the Ligand-Gated Ion Channel know when to open in response to the chemical messenger

A

Ionotropic receptor (neurotransmitter attaches to binding site and activates)

52
Q

A receptor that contains a binding
site for a neurotransmitter which
then activates an secondary G Protein or enzyme that begins a series of events that
opens an ion channel elsewhere
in the membrane of the cell. Slow
but amplified

A

Metabotropic receptor

53
Q

A receptor that contains a binding
site for a neurotransmitter and an
ion channel that opens when a
molecule of the neurotransmitter
attaches to the binding site. Fast
acting. (ligand-gated channel)

A

Ionotropic receptor

54
Q

A synapse that has
- Electrical transmission via gap
junctions
- Ion channels are always opened
and aligned
- Faster transmission than chemical

A

Electrical Synapse

55
Q

A synapse that information is transferred via the release of a neurotransmitter from one cell that is detected by an adjacent cell

A

Chemical Synapse

56
Q
  1. Chemicals produced within a neuron
  2. Released by a neuron following depolarization from presynaptic neuron and acts on adjacent post-synaptic neuron
  3. Exogenous administration mimics endogenous release (drugs!)
  4. Does not remain in the postsynaptic cleft for a long period (clearance)

Chemical messenger that carries chemical signals

A

Neurotransmitter

57
Q

What does the neurotransmitter Adrenaline do?

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT
increases heart rate and bloodflow, leading to a physical boost and heightened awareness, and is produced in stressful scenarios

58
Q

What does the neurotransmitter GABA do?

A

CALMING
Calms firing nerves in CNS, contributes to motor control and vision (high levels improve focus, low levels cause anxiety)

59
Q

What does the neurotransmitter Noradrenaline do?

A

CONCENTRATION
Affects attentional and responding actions in brain. Contracts blood vessels, increasing bloodflow

60
Q

What does the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine do?

A

LEARNING
Involved in thoughts, learning, memory, attention, awakening. Also muscle action

61
Q

What does the neurotransmitter Dopamine do?

A

PLEASURE
- feelings of pleasure, addiction, movement, motivation. People tend to repeat dopamine releasing behaviours

62
Q

What does the neurotransmitter Glutamate do?

A

MEMORY
most common in learning and memory compared to others, regulated creation of nerve contacsts

63
Q

What does the neurotransmitter Serotonin do?

A

MOOD
- Well being and happiness, sleep and digestive system (not pleasure)

64
Q

What does the neurotransmitter Endorphins do?

A

EUPHORIA
- Released during exercise, excitement and sex. Well being and euphoria / pleasure / reduce pain

65
Q

(both recreational and
medical) can alter humans’
thought processes (cognitions),
mood and behaviour

A

Drugs

66
Q

Sometimes called _____ drugs
because of effect on the central
nervous system (CNS).

A

Psychoactive

67
Q

_______ drugs / chemicals bind to receptor,
mimicing a similar response
to the intended chemical and produce related feeling

A

Agonists

68
Q

______ drugs / chemicals bind to
receptor either on the primary
site, or another site, which
stops the receptor from
producing a response

A

Antagonists

PSY 324 (11 decks)

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