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PSY 324 > Week 6 Hunger / Sleep > Flashcards

Week 6 Hunger / Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

3rd Year PhD Student at TMU in the Psychophysiology Lab
* Research Associate at the MacDonald Franklin OSI Research
Centre
* Your PSY324 TA!
* Areas of Research: Biological Psychology (disordered eating, stress
physiology, oral contraceptive use, and personalized medicine)
Reminder

A

Julia (TA)

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2
Q

Hungor is the root Germanic meaning of _______, and means _____________________________________________________

A
  1. Hunger
  2. Pain caused by lack of food
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3
Q

thoughts, attitudes
and beliefs about
eating and food (hunger cue)

A

Cognitive

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4
Q

happiness, sadness,
depression, anxiety,
boredom, stress (hunger cue)

A

Emotional & Social

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5
Q

Mouth, stomach,
intestines, fat cells,
etc. (hunger cue)

A

Biological & Physical

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6
Q
  • 10th Cranial Nerve (CN X)
  • Longest nerve of the Autonomic Nervous
    System (ANS)
  • Has connections throughout the body
  • 80-90% AFFERENT neurons (carry sensory
    information about the organs of the body back
    to the CNS)
  • ~10% EFFERENT neurons (carry motor signals
    to certain organs and musculature)
A

The Vagus Nerve

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7
Q
  • Coordination Centre
  • Sits below the thalamus, and above the
    pituitary gland and brainstem
  • Orchestrates homeostasis through high level
    coordination of the endocrine system (main
    link between nervous and endocrine systems)
  • Able to integrate signals from both central and
    peripheral pathways to regulate appetite and
    food intake through multiple mechaisms
A

The Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Main 3 Components of the Physiology of Hunger

A

The Vagus Nerve
The Hypothalamus
The Digestive System

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9
Q

Two parts of Hypothalamus for Hunger

A

Medial Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus

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10
Q

The Medial Hypothalamus is made up of which components and are they Orexigenic or Anorexigenic

A
  1. Arcuate Nucleus (Both Orex and Anorex)
  2. Paraventricular Nucleus (Inhibit Feeding / Anorexigenic)
  3. Ventromedial Nucleus (Inhibit Feeding / Anorexigenic)
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11
Q

The Lateral Hypothalamus is made up of which components and are they Orexigenic or Anorexigenic

A

Lateral Nucleus

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12
Q

What does the Lateral Nucleus do?

A
  • primary source of
    orexigenic neurons
  • promotes feeding
    behaviours and
    digestive functions
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13
Q

What would happen if Paraventricular
Nucleus was damaged

A

overeating
(increased
meal size)
weight gai

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14
Q

What would happen if Ventromedial
Nucleus was damaged

A

overeating
(increased
meal
frequency)
weight gain
high insulin
levels

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15
Q

What would happen if Lateral
Nucleus was damaged

A

under eating
weight loss
recovery possible but
not a full return to
normal

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16
Q

True / False: If Lateral Nucleus is damaged, it can never return to fully normal

A

True

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17
Q

Pancreas function in hunger.

A

Depending on glucose level in blood, can be satiety or hunger promoting

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18
Q

Cholecystokinin
(CCK) holds stomach _______ and is _______ _______

A
  1. Closed
  2. Satiety promoting
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19
Q
  • juvenile diabetes
  • autoimmune attack on the
    pancreas
  • cannot produce insulin
  • insulin-dependent
A

Type 1 Diabetes

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20
Q

Diabetes is a disorder of ________ __________.

A

glucose ABSORPTION

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21
Q
  • more common / later age
  • more lifestyle related
  • pancreas produces insulin but tissues
    are resistant
  • treatment can be lifestyle changes,
    medications, or insulin
A

Type 2 Diabetes

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22
Q
  • produced by adipose tissue
  • hormone that signals the brain about fat
    reserves
  • Eating increases = ___ level decreases = fat reserve decreases
  • Satiety promoting
A

LEPTIN

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23
Q
  • produced by cells throughout the GI tract
  • hormone / neurotransmitter
  • hunger signal
  • will cause stomach
    contractions and act on
    hypothalamus to increase
    appetite
  • hunger promoting
A

GHRELIN

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24
Q

OREXIGENIC or the hunger promoting hormone secretes

A

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

25
Q

Anorexigenic or the satiety promoting hormone secretes

A

Melanocortin

26
Q

*restriction of energy/caloric intake
*intense fear of gaining weight

A

Anorexia Nervosa

27
Q

*increased food consumption
*more than would normally be
consumed in a given period of
time or circumstance

A

Binge Eating Disorder

28
Q

*recurrent episodes of binge
eating
*inappropriate compensatory
behaviours (vomiting)

A

Bulimia Nervosa

29
Q

Increased Connectivity of the Lateral
Hypothalamus
Decreased Wiring/Fibre Density within the
Arcuate Nucleus (not enough exogenic, overactivation of paraventricular, avoiding food)

A

Anorexia Nervosa & The Brain

30
Q

(ability to sense or be aware of the internal state of our
bodies)

A

interoceptive awareness

31
Q
  • etiology = disruptions in cognitive processes
    decreased cerebral volume, decreased grey matter in the inferior frontal
    cortex, and volume reduction in the pituitary gland
    widespread serotonin dysfunction
  • over time: self-induced vomiting and binge eating
    destabilizes the coordination signals in response to
    stimuli from the GI tract (like stomach stretching or
    esophageal sphincter)
A

Bulimia Nervosa & The Brain

32
Q

Difference between Anorexia and Bulimia

A

Both realted to neurobioligcal and cognitive differences.

33
Q

endogenous means

A

naturally occurring

34
Q
  • a cycle that follows a 24-hour clock
  • any physical, mental, and behavioural change that allows an organism to
    follow this daily cycle
  • internal rhythm that guides us to naturally feel sleepy at night or feel alert in the morning
  • affect more than just the sleep/ wake cycle, they affect hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, and even mood
A

circadian rhythm

35
Q

True / False: Its hard for humans to deviate from circadian rhythm

A

True

36
Q

Zeitgeber (German for time giver/ synchronizer)

A

stimulus that resets
your circadian rhythms

37
Q

Examples of Zeitgeber

A
  • For most land animals, this is usually light
  • For marine animals, it is the tide
  • But other stimuli can work as well (e.g.,
    exercise, meals, and temperature change)
  • Social stimuli (effects from other people) are
    not effective zeitgebers (unless it includes
    exercise/ vigorous activity)
38
Q

awaken early,
reach their peak productivity in
the morning

A

Morning people

39
Q

awaken later,
reach their peak productivity in
the afternoon/ evening

A

Evening people

40
Q

T / F: Whether you are a morning or evening person is related to

A
  • Age
  • Environment
41
Q
  • The main driver of circadian rhythm
  • generates these rhythms automatically
A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

42
Q

Main method for measuring sleep

A

Polysomnography
scalp activity

43
Q

Sleep Stages

A
  1. Relaxed, Awake
  2. Stage 1 Sleep
  3. Stage 2 Sleep
  4. Slow Wave Sleep
  5. Slow Wave Sleep
  6. REM Sleep
44
Q

Early sleep is primarily

A

Slow Wave

45
Q

Later sleep is primarily

A

REM

46
Q

paradoxical
§ Light because it has some theta waves similar to Stage 1
§ Deep because of muscle paralysis
o PGO waves which start in the pons
o Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate fluctuate much more here than
in any other stage

A

REM sleep

47
Q

Neural hallmarks of _____ sleep:
§ Slow oscillations (1 Hz)
§ Spindles (10–15 Hz)
§ Sharp wave ripples (SWR; 100–
300 Hz)
§ Related to replay
§ Linked to memory processing

A

NON REM / Slow Wave

48
Q

These oscillations
(spindles, SWRs) are
synchronized/ coordinated
by slow wave (1 Hz) activity
in the brain, this is know as ______ ________

A

Neural synchrony

49
Q

Dreaming occurs in what stage of sleep?

A

We dream in both REM and
non-REM stages of sleep
- REM dreams are more likely
to be vivid, visual, and
complicated than non-REM
ones, but not always

50
Q

Functions of Sleep

A
  1. To save energy (Hibernation)
  2. To boost memory (Sleeping helps memory retention)
51
Q

Two Theories of sleep on memory

A

Passive Theory
Active Theory

52
Q

Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924)
■ N = 2 students learned non-sense
syllables (e.g., shog, jop, ched, ruk),
then either slept or stayed awake
for a few hours
■ After a delay, they retrieved the
same words
■ Better recall when the participants
slept after the encoding session vs.
if they
stayed awake
Good example of ______ Theory of knowledge with sleep

A

Passive Theory

53
Q
  • The brain strengthens memories via hippocampal replay which takes place during sleep
  • Researchers now believe that neural hallmarks of sleep are not just related but critical to this hippocampal replay
    process!
  • Good example of ______ Theory of knowledge with sleep
A

Active Theory

54
Q

Is Passive or Active Theory of knowledge with sleep better

A

Neither, both are used

55
Q
  • Not getting enough sleep
  • impaired memory, attn,
    cognition, increases risk for
    depression
  • noise, stress, pain, diet
    such as drinking coffee in
    the evening, sleep pills
A

Insomnia

56
Q

trouble falling
asleep bc your brain doesn’t think
it’s late enough yet

A

phase delayed

57
Q

no problem
falling asleep, but have trouble
staying asleep

A

phase advanced

58
Q

impaired breathing during sleep
- restricts oxygen to brain

A

Sleep apnea

PSY 324 (11 decks)

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