Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 324 > * Week 4 - Behaviour Genetics > Flashcards

* Week 4 - Behaviour Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean for something to be (x) % heritable?

A

(x) of variation in a behaviour in a population can be predicted by
variability between genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The first law of
behaviour genetics

A

All human behavioural traits are
heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of heritability

A

Texting on a cellphone is 52% heritable
Supporting property taxes is 41% heritable
Lifetime income – 50% heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Comparison of the similarity of ____ and _____ twin pairs on particular traits can be used to estimate genetic influence

A

Monozygotic (MZ) & Dizygotic (DZ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Heritability is completely dependent on the ________

A

environment
(review plant pic on slide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How genetic variation
between people
correlates with
variation in a
behaviour in a
population

A

Heritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which one of these definitions is Heritability
1. A measure of how
much of a trait was
inherited from parents
– Information of how a
gene influences a trait
– Influence of the
environment

  1. How genetic variation
    between people
    correlates with
    variation in a
    behaviour in a
    population
A

2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Showing the effects of heritable genes through colours of pea plants

A

Mendelian
Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who practically was the inventor / made enourmous discoveries to hertiability and genes.

A

Gregor Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Structures found in living cells that carry
genetic information

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Each chromosome is a
single molecule of

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

We inherit ___ chromosomes, and 1 comes from each _____

A

a) 2

b) Parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Each _____ molecule consists
of a long sequence of four chemical subunits called bases.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The four subunit bases of DNA are

A

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
- attach (A-T), (G- C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A small segment of DNA that codes for the
production of a particular protein

A

Gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • DNA Sequence variation
  • A single nucleotide differs between
    individuals at the single base
    1. This is a _____ _______ ______
  1. This is classified as a ____ ______

.

A
  1. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
  2. Allelic Variation (Allellic difference)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Individuals receive two versions of each gene, known as
______ , from each parent.

A

Allelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

identical pair of
alleles on the two chromosomes
(e.g., GG).

A

Homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

unmatched pair
of alleles on the two
chromosomes (e.g., GT).

A

Heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

An _______ trait occurs in
a phenotype where there is
incomplete dominance in the
heterozygous condition.

A

Intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

An allele of a gene is said to be ______ when it effectively overrules the other allele

A

dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

An allele of a gene is said to be ______ when it effectively overruled by the other allele.

A

recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The set of observable characteristics of an individual

A

Phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

3 components of a Phenotype

A

Physical
Neural
Behavioural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Many genes affect one phenotype

A

Polygenetic Inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

one gene can influence multiple phenotypes

A

Pleiotropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

There is significant genetic variation for most _______

A

phenotypes

28
Q

International research program (1990-2003) to map and
understand all human genes

A

Human Genome Project

29
Q

Gene-Environment are not seperate and _______

A

Interplay

30
Q

Genes do not _______,
______ or _____ behaviour.

Rather, they ________ the
probability that behavioural
differences will be expressed in
a given environment.

A

determine, control, cause.

INFLUENCE

31
Q

the genetic constitution of an individual organism that contributes to the phenotype

A

Genotype

32
Q

Things about gene / environment.

A
  • Genes correlate with the environment
  • Gene x Environment interactions are pervasive.
33
Q

What is is known as when the Environment affects gene expression

A

Epigenetics

34
Q

3 Gene Environment Correlations

A

Passive
Active
Evocative

prevalence of type changes across development

35
Q
  • An individuals genes will
    correlate with their early
    environment
  • More prominent early in
    development
A

Passive GE-Correlation

36
Q
  • An individual’s genes
    influences the way that others
    respond to them
  • Present throughout development
A

Evocative GE-Correlation

37
Q
  • An individual’s genes
    influences their selective
    attention to different aspects
    of the environment
  • More prominent later in
    developmen
A

Active GE-Correlation

38
Q

When two different genotypes respond to
an environmental variation in a different way

A

GxE (Gene x Environment)

39
Q

Candidate Gene Approach:

A

Foraging and Mothering
(see week 4 slide if confused)

40
Q

True / False. Early adversity makes
some genes hard to read.

A

True

41
Q

Epigenetics makes genes __________

A

unpredictable / hard to read

42
Q
  • How we fight disease.
  • How we cope with stress
  • How our brain develops
    and works
    all involve
A

genes

43
Q

Examples of Epigenetic Inheritance

A
  1. The Dutch Famine (1944 – 1945)
    and risk for obesity in offspring
    (including grandchildren!)
  2. Holocaust Survivors and risk for
    PTSD and other mood disorders
    in offspring
  3. Effect of parental trauma on
    offspring (Transgenerational
    transmission of trauma)
44
Q

How genetic variation correlates with variation in a
behaviour in a population

A

Heritability

45
Q

The brains ability to changes in structure
and function in response to life events.

A

Neuroplasticity

46
Q

Brain growth involves 5 kinds of changes

A

-1.Neurogenesis (Proliferation)
–2. Migration
–3. Synaptogenesis
– 4.Myelination
– 5.Synaptic Pruning

47
Q
  • Process by which new neurons are formed in the brain.
    ■ Proliferation of neurons through cell division (mitosis)
    ■ Begins around the third or fourth week of prenatal life
    ■ 250 000 new neuron cells are created every minute
    during 5-25 weeks of age
    ■ By week 18, children have almost as many neurons as
    adults
A

Neurogenesis

48
Q

■ Movement of new neurons to locations within the brain
where they will serve their ultimate functions
– E.g., nerve cells, skin cells, muscle cells etc.
■ Occurs in a variety of directions throughout the brain
– Chemicals known as immunoglobulins and chemokines
guide neuron migration.

A

Migration & Differentiation

49
Q

Formation of insulating myelin sheath around the axon
that allows signals to travel down axon more quickly

A

Myelination

50
Q

■ Process where synapses are pruned or eliminated to
increase efficiency of neural communication
■ Neurogensis and synaptogenesis à ”hyperconnetivity” =
more synapses that can be used that are needed
■ Synaptic pruning fixes this and allows the brain to form
normally
■ 40% of superfluous connections are pruned by:
– Apoptosis: the death of neurons

A

Synaptic Pruning

51
Q

■ Process where neurons form synapses with each other
■ Single neuron can form multiple synapses

A

Synaptogenesis

52
Q

5 Periods of brain development

A
  1. Prenatal
  2. First two years
  3. Two years to adolescence
  4. Young and middle adulthood
  5. Late adulthood
53
Q

brains capacity to be shaped by experiences

A

Brain plasticity

54
Q

True / False: Axons and dendrites dont continue to modify their structure and
connections throughout the lifetime

A

False (THEY DO)

55
Q

True / False: Dendrites continually grow new spines

A

True

56
Q

■ Brain adapts in response to sensory information

A

Experience-Expectant Plasticity

57
Q

Brain regions (mainly left
hemisphere) become specialized
for language
– Infants: regions are
”expecting” input of speech
– Speech input in channeled to
expecting regions

A

Language Example Experience-Expected Plasticity

58
Q

Regions associated with
visual processing in blind
children can be come
specialized for hearing
processing for children who
are deaf)

A

Atypical Development Experience-Expected Plasticity

59
Q

Infants with lesions don’t show same
impairments as adults

A

Lesions/Trauma Experience-Expected Plasticity

60
Q

Changes in brain wiring
occur in response to an
individual’s unique personal
experiences and life
circumstances

A

Experience-Dependent
Plasticity

61
Q

Times when specific
experiences result in
permanent changes in
a child’s brain that
cannot be altered

A

Critical Periods

62
Q

Times in development
when the brain is most
susceptible to
experiences, but
changes are still
reversible

A

Sensitive Periods

63
Q

Why do we have
critical/sensitive periods?

A
  1. Brain may follow genetically fixed timetables
    associated with plasticity
  2. Learning may produce brain changes that reduce
    plasticity
  3. Experiences become increasingly stable over time
64
Q

Individual differences in children in responses to experience

A

Resilience

65
Q

“Resilient” children who are able to
cope with stress and flourish despite
environmental challenges

A

Dandelion Children

66
Q

Children characterized by “low
resilience,” who appear to wilt when
faced with environmental challenge

A

Orchid Children

PSY 324 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions