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PSY 324 > Week 5 - Sex and Gender > Flashcards

Week 5 - Sex and Gender Flashcards

1
Q

Children characterized by “low
resilience,” who appear to wilt when
faced with environmental challenges

A

Orchid Children

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2
Q

Sex

A

-Humans, nonhuman animals, and cells
-Typically binary
-Male, female
-Intersex
-Biology
-Anatomy
-Physiology
-Chromosomes
-Hormones
-Gene expression
-Behaviour

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3
Q

Gender

A

-Unique to humans
-Multifaceted and complex
-Exists on a continuum
-Can change over time
-Can differ from sex
-Feminine, masculine
-Her, him, they
-Social
-Cultural
-Psychological
-Political
-Behavior and roles

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4
Q

Genes that make an
individual more appealing
to the opposite sex will
increase the probability of
reproduction

A

Sexual Selection

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5
Q

competition between members of the same sex (usually males) for access to mates

A

Intrasexual selection

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6
Q

a phenomenon where members of one sex (usually females) choose members of the opposite sex

A

Intersexual selection

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7
Q

4 Step Sequence development of Sex Organs

A
  1. Genetic Sex (XX, XY)
  2. Gonads (Testis/Ovaries)
  3. Sex Organs (Organizing Effects)
  4. Maturation (Organizing and
    Activating Effects)
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8
Q

Determination of Genetic Sex

A

miosis of gametes (x and y)

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9
Q

0-6 weeks
à sex organs are undifferentiated
*Undifferentiated gonads
*Undifferentiated precursor tissue:
*Mullerian ducts (female)
*Wolffian ducts (male)
*Gonads (testes/ovaries) are the first to be determined
*Important for determining production of sperm/ova and
sex hormones
*SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes gonads to become
testes

A

Development: Gonads

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10
Q

The embryonic precursors of the female
internal sex organs (fimbriae, fallopian tubes, uterus, inner 2/3
of vagina)

A

Müllerian system (Becoming Female)
-Determined by Sex Hormones

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11
Q

The embryonic precursors of the male internal
sex organs (seminal vesicles, epididymis, vas deferens)

A

Wolffian system (Becoming Male)
-Determined by Sex Hormones

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12
Q

Androgens and Estrogens are _______ _______ (also known as sex
hormones)

A

steroid hormones

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13
Q

Androgens

A

§ Testosterone (most common)
§ Dihydrotestosterone

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14
Q

Estrogens

A
  • Estradiol (most common)
  • .Progesterone

-Prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum
- .Promotes maintenance of pregnancy

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15
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A
  1. Bind to membrane receptors to
    exert quick effects
  2. Activate proteins in the cell
  3. Alter expression of chromosomes
    to turn genes off/on.
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16
Q

Sexual Development Hormones: Organizing Effects

A

■ Sex hormones during prenatal
development determines structure of
sex organs and brain
■ Postnatal development at puberty
determines other sexually dimorphic
features (e.g., breast development,
dropping of testes
■ Long-term effects

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17
Q

Sexual Development Hormones: Activating Effects

A

Sex hormones activated
during postnatal stage
– E.g., Sperm production,
Erection, Ejaculation,
Ovulation, Sex drive
■ Short-term effects
– Cyclical (especially for
females)

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18
Q

Sexual Development Organizing Effects (NOT HORMONE)

A

Determination of internal and external sex organs
- 7-8 weeks = precursor tissue differentiates
- 2 precursor tissue systems = penis , vagina

Hormones secreted by
the testes determine
differentiation of sex
organs
* Anti-mullerian
hormone (AMH)
* Androgens
(testosterone,
dihydrotestosterone)

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19
Q

Development: Organizing and Activating

A

TESTOSTERONE
Androgen
* Organizing: facial and body hair, lowers voice, muscular
development, genital growth,
* Activating: sex drive, reproduction

ESTRADIOL
Estrogen
* Organizing: breast development, lining of uterus, body fat
deposition, maturation of female genitalia,
* Activating: sex drive, reproduction

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20
Q

the condition of having an abnormal number of
chromosomes in a haploid set

A

Aneuploidy

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21
Q

-1/500 newborn males
-Additional X from mother’s egg or father’s sperm
-Diagnosis in adulthood
-75% never diagnosed

-Taller than average, greater abdominal fat, low muscle tone, less
facial/body hair, smaller sex organs, hypogonadal, infertile.

A

XXY, Klinefelter
Syndrome

22
Q

-XX sex-reversal
-1/25,000 newborn males
-Genetic sex is “female” (XX)
-SRY is translocated to X chromosome
-Male gonads (i.e., testes) are formed
-Identify with and physically look male
-Shorter than average, less hair, gynecomastia,
hypogonadal, smaller sex organs, infertile

A

XX Male Syndrome

23
Q

-Genetic sex is male (XY)
-Receptors do not respond to androgens
-Range from:
-Complete AIS (external genitalia feminized)
-Partial AIS (partial genitalia masculinized)
-Mild (masculinized) AIS
-Present with internal testes, not ovaries or uterus
-Presentation from hypogonadal = Shallow vagina
- Infertile
-

A

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

24
Q

-Genetic sex is male (XY)
-Extremely rare (prevalence unknown; 250 reported cases in
medical literature)
-Failure to produce AMH or no receptors for the hormone
-Genetic variation in AMH gene
- inherited autosomal recessive gene
-Present with female and male internal sex organs
- Undescended testes + Underdeveloped uterus
- Hermaphroditism
-Infertile

A

Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome

25
Q
  • Genetic sex X (aka X0)
    –1/2500 newborn females
    -Either entire X, or partial X chromosome is missing
    -Result of defective sperm
    -Gonads do not develop (non-working ovaries)
    -Internal and external organs are female
    -No estrogen, puberty must be induced
    -Under-developed breasts, short stature, broad chested, webbed neck
  • Other: learning disability, increased risk for CVD, immune disorders
A

Turner’s Syndrome

26
Q
  • Genetic sex is “female” (XX)
    –1/15,000 newborn females
    –Autosomal recessive disorders – dysregulation of the adrenal
    glands (CYP21 gene)
    -Exposure to high androgen levels during development
    -Mullerian system activated, but external organs are “intersex”
    or “ambiguous
A

Congenital
Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

27
Q

True / False: Estradiol and other estrogens do not modify male
anatomy

A

True

28
Q

Female rats exposed to testosterone during sensitive
periods dont become partly masculinized in anatomy and
behavior.

A

False (THEY DO)

29
Q

Extra stuff
■ The absence of sex hormones generally leads to
female-looking external genitalia.
■ Females lacking estradiol during early life do not
develop normal sexual behavior.

A
30
Q

Sexual dimorphism of hypothalamus largely a result of _______
exposure

A

hormone (Organizing Effects of Hormones on the Brain)

31
Q

total score derived from a
set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess
human intelligence

A

An intelligence quotient (IQ)

32
Q

T/F : No significant sex differences in general intelligence

A

True

33
Q

Men advantaged over women in _______ intelligence

A

Spatial
- Infancy: Boys more likely to recognize a stimulus that is
rotated in space
– Persists across lifespan

34
Q

The capacity to understand, reason and remember the spatial
relations among objects or space

A

Spatial Intelligence

35
Q

2nd largest sex difference in psychology
▻ 1 st - ____________________________________________________

A

males rate themselves as more masculine than
females

36
Q

Women advantaged over men in ________ intelligence

A

Verbal
- Infancy: Girls talk earlier
– Elementary and High School: Girls score higher on
measures of reading comprehension and verbal fluency
– Adults: No difference

37
Q

The capability of a person to express ideas using
words in a clearly understandable manner

A

Verbal Intelligence

38
Q

■ Males have a more symmetric brain
organization
■ Empirical evidence is lacking.
– 2 studies support
– 8 studies partial support
– 13 studies conflict
■ Alternative explanations
– Evolutionary
49

A

Levy’s Hypothesis

39
Q

Hormones and the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic (DA) Pathway are part of _____ _________

A

Sexual Reproduction

40
Q

CNS circuit
- dopaminergic inputs from
the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
innervate brain regions in the
limbic system (amygdala etc.)
involved in executive, affective,
and motivational functions

A

Mesolimbic system

41
Q

How hormones and DA activate pathway for Sexual Reproduction

A

Testosterone and estradiol leads to activation of DA in the hypothalamus and other brain regions mesolimbic pathway
* DA circuitry is associated with reinforcement of sexual behavior and
anticipation of reward– same in males and females
* D1 receptors: erection, receptive behaviour, commitment/fidelity
* D2 receptor: orgasm, attachment, mating bond

42
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

*Reproductive cycle in humans (vs estrous in rodents)
*In animals – sexual behavior is linked to ovulation
* The reproductive cycle….

43
Q

Entire Menstrual Cycle Process (REVIEW)

A

GnRH
FSH
Growth of ovarian follicles
Follicle nurtures the ovum
Increased estradiol
Increased estradiol,
increased FSH,
Follicle matures
Ovulation = rupture of follicle &
development of corpus luteum
Progesterone rises
GnRH released and surge in LH
Pregnancy or Menstruation

43
Q

*Middle of menstrual cycle
*Maximum fertility
*High estrogen level

A

Periovulatory period
- Higher rating of pleasure following viewing of erotic film
*Preference for “manly” males
*More initiation of sex

43
Q

– Increases touch sensitivity in the penis and sexual arousal.
– Triggers the release of dopamine by the medial preoptic area
(MPOA), and anterior hypothalamus
– Correlates with sexual interest
– Studies that inhibit GnRH – decrease sexual desire, fantasy
and initiation of intercourse

A

Testosterone

44
Q

release of oxytocin
*From posterior pituitary
*Reproductive behavior: contraction of
uterus; stimulates mammary gland
*Important for pair bonding/ attachment
*Decreases stress response and
anxiety/fear
*Facilitates trust and other social behaviors

A

The orgasm

44
Q

T / F: Most men discover sexual orientation early, Process is slower for women.

A

True

45
Q

Sexual Orientation Concordance rate in _______ twins is higher than ________ twins

A

Monozygotic, Dizygotic

46
Q

EXTRA STUFF
Sexual Orientation
- Prenatal Influence
*Maternal immune system reacts against a protein in a newborn
son and then their immune system attacks the protein needed
for “male brain development” in subsequent births
*Increased probability of gay male with older brothers

A
47
Q

True / False: Research on asexuality is far lacking

A

True

48
Q

Hormone therapy

A

– 6 longitudinal studies measuring effect of gender
affirming hormone therapy on brain structure of
transgender individuals
■ GAHT either feminizes brain structures in MTFs or
defeminizes brain structures in FTMs

PSY 324 (11 decks)

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