Week 3 Flashcards by Luc King

Nervous System is divided into two main parts

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The brain and spinal cord are components of the

Central Nervous System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nerves and Peripheral Ganglia are components of the

Peripheral Nervous System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

86 billion neurons
10^14 connections

The brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neuraxis direction where the brain is upright it is split by top and bottom

Axial / Horizontal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neuraxis direction where the brain is upright and is split down the middle to left and right sides

Saggital

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neuraxis direction where the brain is upright and is split down the middle by front and back

Coronal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 anatomical directions of the brain (not by cut)

Dorsal / Superior
Anterior / Rostral
Ventral / Inferior
Posterior / Caudal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anatomical term for outside parts of the brain

lateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anatomical term for inside parts of the brain

medial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Dorsal / Superior anatomy view of the brain is the

topside

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The anterior / rostral anatomy view of the brain is

Front

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Ventral / inferior anatomy view of the brain is

the bottom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

spinal cord brain connecting part also has dorsal and ventral, which side is which

back of neck dorsal, front of neck ventral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Roughly 60% of brain matter is

White Matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Roughly 40% of brain matter is

Grey matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The matter of the brain that contains most of the neuron cells, and conducts, processes and send information to the body is

Grey Matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The matter of the brain that is made up of bundles, and interprets information from the rest of the body is

White matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

higher-level functions
– (e.g. decision-making and
language) in the brain are known as the

Cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where we process
more primitive functions
– (e.g. emotion processed in
the amygdala) in the brain are known as the

Subcortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Left and right hemispheres of the brain are connected large bundles of axons, the largest bundle of axons known as

Corpus callosum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

structures Located on
the same side of the body/Neuraxis

Ipsilateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

structures Located on
opposite side of the body/neuraxis

Contralateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

split brain experiments (corpus collosum cut) were an example of

Contralateral function

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

main person that gave Evidence of lateralization and localization

Paul Broca

Damage to the left frontal cortex / inferior frontal gyrus which leads to word loss (cant speak nearly at all) is known as

Brocas Aphasia

Damage to a part of the posterior of the brain that leads to not understanding language is known as

Wernickes Aphasia

Who created the cortical homunculus

Wilder penderfield

what is cortical homunculus

goofy figure of how bodies are represented in feeling in the brain

structures that form the epicentre of emotion and behavioural expression

Limbic System

amygdala and hippocampus are part of the

Limbic System

Bundles of subcortical nuclei that lie beneath the lateral ventricles, lateral to thalamus – Includes the striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen), globus pallidus – Important for motor movement – Procedural learning – Reward system

Basal Ganglia

The Telencephalon is the _________

Forebrain

Cerebral Cortex Limbic System Basal Ganglia are all part of the

Telencephalon / Forebrain

Tectum (dorsal): superior and inferior colliculus Tegmentum (ventral): PGM, VTA, and substantia nigra (DA projections) are part of the

Midbrain / Mesencephalon

Thalamus and Hypothalamus are part of the _____ , a Smaller portion of the forebrain / telencephalon that surrounds the third ventricle the forebrain

diencephalon

Most prominent part of the brain Convoluted by sulci/fissures and gyri Made up of neurons and glia (Gray Matter) 6 distinct layers/laminae

Celebral Cortex

Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata are part of the

Hindbrain

Forebrain Midbrain and Hindbrain go in ______ order

VERTICAL DESCNEDING ORDER (TOP TO BOTTOM NOT FRONT TO BACK)

is a brain region that modulates higher-order (executive) cognitive process. * Reasoning * Problem solving * Comprehension * Impulse-control * Creativity and perseverance

Prefrontal Cortex

Controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system – Fighting, feeding, feeling, mating, sleeping, drinking (i.e., Motivational Behaviors

Hypothalamus

Releases tropic hormones that control secretion and production of hormones in other glands of the endocrine system.

Anterior Pituitary (Master Gland)

Acts as a gateway to higher cortical function – Regulates consciousness, sleep, alertness

Thalamus

Two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

Controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system from the skin and sense organs, spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Somatic nervous System

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands) Includes – Sympathetic nervous system – Parasympathetic nervous system

Autonomic Nervous System

Part of PNS with activation associated with energy expenditure and mobilization (e.g., increased blood pressure, heart rate, epinephrine release) (fight or flight)

Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of PNS with processes associated with conserving and restoring energy (e.g. salivation, blood flow to gastrointestinal tract, digestion) (rest, digestion)

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Research methods that Correlate brain anatomy with behavior ■ Record brain activity during behavior

Non-Invasive

Examine the effects of brain damage ■ Examine the effects of stimulating a brain area

Invasive

The process of relating skull anatomy to behavior

Phrenology

inject dye into the blood and a pass X- rays through the head (correlates Brain Anatomy with Behavior)

Computerized tomography (CT scan)

applies a powerful magnetic field to image the brain (correlates Brain Anatomy with Behavior)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Way to Record brain activity during behavior using magnets (mri has to be done first)

FMRI (functional / doing something while scan)

recording brain activity during behavior using electrodes attached to the head

Electroencephalography (EEG)

uses a radioactive drug called a tracer to show both typical and atypical metabolic activity to record brain activity during behaviour

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain, using very sensitive magnetometers.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

uses near-infrared spectroscopy for the purpose of functional neuroimaging

Near-Infared Spectroscopy (NIRS)

removal of a brain area

Ablation

Lesion

damage to a brain area, often used for research

a instrument used to precisely identify brain structures by Injecting a chemical that kills neurons or inactivates them temporarily

Stereotaxic instrument

Application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below the magnet – Neurostimulator

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Passes small electric current (1–2 mA) through the scalp, skull, and meninges to stimulate the brain – Neuromodulator

Transcrantial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)