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PSY 324 > Week 7 - Emotion > Flashcards

Week 7 - Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

4 components to an emotional response

A

■ Cognition (this is a dangerous situation)
■ Feelings (I’m scared)
■ Behavioral (run away!!)
■ Physiological (heart racing)

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2
Q

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that

A

James Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotional stimuli first induce peripheral (meaning not located in the brain) physiological changes that are then interpreted by the brain and recognized as emotional. The basic idea here is that physiological arousal precedes recognition of emotional stimuli as emotional, and if the physiological arousal is removed, the emotion will not be felt.

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3
Q

Emotional situations
arouse the ____ ____ ____ .

A

autonomic
nervous system.

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4
Q

Most situations evoke a
combination of
_______ and
_________ arousal.

A

Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic

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5
Q

Is Physiological Arousal Necessary
for Emotion?

A

Results suggest that autonomic responses and subjective
experience are not always closely connected

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6
Q

Physiological responses increase emotional _____ .

A

intensity

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7
Q

For every heart-wrenching negative emotional experience you
endure, you need to experience at least three heartfelt positive
emotional experiences that uplift you

A

Positivity Ratio

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8
Q

The Positivity Ratio is

A

3:1

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9
Q

Condition: output from
autonomic nervous system
to body fails, Report feeling same
emotions, but less
intensely.

A

Pure Autonomic Failure
(Cannon, 1945)

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10
Q

Brain Damage in Emotion
(Johnsen et al, (2009)
■ Damage to right somatosensory
cortex
_________________________________
■ Damage to prefrontal cortex
_______________________________

A

– Typical autonomic responses but
lack subjective experience

– Weak autonomic responses but
normal subjective responses

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11
Q

T / F: Actions Alter Emotions

A

True
Physiological responses increase emotional intensity
– Horror movie in cold room = scarier
■ (Sugamura and Higuchi, 2015)
– Feel more anger standing than lying down
■ (Harmon-Jones and Peterson, 2009)
■ Why?
– Perceptions of body’s action contribute to your emotions
■ “Embodied”

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12
Q

– Forming a facial expression strengthens
the internal feeling of that expression

A

Facial Feedback
Hypothesis

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13
Q

Botox and the Pencil Experiment are examples of _________

A

Facial Feedback
Hypothesis

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14
Q

– Underdeveloped VI and VII cranial
nerves
– Lack of facial expression, crossed
eyes, inability to smile / move head.

A

Möbius syndrome

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15
Q

Mobius syndrome is _______ to Facial Feedback
Hypothesis

A

CONTRARY
- Cannot move facial muscles to make a
smile but still express “feeling” happy

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16
Q

Darwin viewed Facial Expression of Emotion as _______

A

Facial Expression of Emotion as Innate

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17
Q

There are ___ / ___ universal basic facial expressions

A

6 / 7
(slide says 6, online says maybe 7)

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18
Q

T/F: Basic Facial Expressions are Cross-Cultural

A

True

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19
Q

A study by David Matsumoto of facial expressions in the Olympics between sighted and non-sighted athletes showed that

A

Emotions are biologically / physiologically universal and are not determined through culture or replicating behaviour

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20
Q

Heijnsbergen & de Gelder (2005):
congruent vs incongruent
expressions of emotion (mismatching body language in comparison to facial expression) negatively influence
__________ & worse at ____________

A

Reaction Time
&
Recognizing emotions

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21
Q
  • Forebrain areas
    surrounding thalamus
    – Traditionally known
    as critical for emotion
A

The limbic system

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22
Q

True / False: Much of cerebral cortex
also reacts to emotional
situations

A

True

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23
Q

The main if not specific brain region that causes digust is known as the _______ and is located in _________

A

Insula
The cerebral cortex area

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24
Q

True / False: Emotions are seen as continous dimensions

A

True

25
Q

To visualize emotions scientifically we use ___________ _________

A

Continuous Dimensions

26
Q

Body System that regulates:
■ Low to moderate autonomic
arousal
■ Tendency to approach
■ Left hemisphere activation of
frontal and temporal lobe.

However, in both activation and inhibition

A

Behavioural Activation
System (BAS)

the right hemisphere is is more important for emotion recognition and emotion expression

27
Q

■ Increased attention and
arousal
■ Social withdraw, fear and
disgust
■ Right hemisphere activation
of frontal and temporal lobe.

However, in both activation and inhibition

A

Behavioural Inhibition
System (BIS)

the right hemisphere is is more important for emotion recognition and emotion expression

28
Q

Guide for making quick emotional decisions

A

Moral Decisions

29
Q

Examples of (3) Emotional Adaptive Behaviours and their purpose

A

Fear -> escape
Anger -> attack
Disgust -> Avoid

30
Q

The trolley problem shows how the function of emotions diverge into two categories, ______ & ________

A

Utilitarian Aspect
– 5 people die

Emotional Aspect
– How you would feel
performing the action

Governed by different brain
regions
– Ventromedial PFC – active
when comparing utilitarian
and emotional

31
Q

Most basic form of emotional learning

A

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

32
Q

Innate emotion is ________________________
Example:

A

automatic
(like a reflex, and does not require conscious thought. It is hereditary, it is triggered by some specific stimulus, and it is performed the same way every time)
Example: Startle Reflex

33
Q

Learned behavior comes from ___________

A

Experiences
(and it comes from learning how to respond to a situation or from being taught.)

34
Q

a set of skeletomuscular contractions[1–3] viewed as a behavioral interrupt that prepares the organism for action elicited by sudden or loud stimuli.

A

Startle reflex

35
Q

The brain area involved in Conditioned Emotional Responses is primarily the

A

Amygdala
(Learning occurs through enhanced
amygdala activation)
– Early research conducted in rodents

36
Q

The brain area primarily responsible for fear is the

A

Amygdala

37
Q

Amygdala responds
most strongly when a
facial expression is
______________

A

ambiguous/ difficult to interpret

38
Q

Highly emotional / reactive people may have

A

Increase amygdala activity

39
Q

Damage to the Amygdala results in loss of emotion?
_____________

A

Makes emotional responses more difficult but
– Does not result in loss of emotion
■ Can classify emotional pictures
■ Experience little arousal from
viewing unpleasant photos

40
Q

rare genetic condition that causes calcium to
build up in the amygdala until it wastes away

A

Urbach-Wiethe disease

41
Q

Case study of SM

A

WOMAN MISSING AMYGDALA
Experiences fearlessness that is dangerous to her: robberies at
gunpoint, physical assaults, no inhibition when strangers approach
– Reports feeling angry but not afraid in response to these incidents
– Inability to recognize fear or disgust, or report reduced intensity
– Willingness to undergo stress challenge (CO2 challenge) again
without a second thought

42
Q

Damage to insula results in inability to experience and recognize
_________.

A

disgust

43
Q

Effects of testosterone on behavior depends on ___________

A

context
(threat vs. no-threat)

44
Q

Aggressive behavior depends on ________

A

testosterone
(Across cultures, males are more likely to fight than females, commit more violent crimes, and shout more insults)
– More testosterone = more aggression in males

45
Q

2 reasons for aggressive behavior

A

– Reproduction behaviors
– Defensive behaviors

46
Q

Important body systems / brain areas in aggression

A

– Amygdala
– ventromedial PFC
– Serotonergic system

47
Q

What main body system inhibits attention

A

Serotonergic system

48
Q

What does the Serotonegic System do (function)

A

– Enabling synaptic connections inhibit aggressive behavior
– Destruction of synaptic connection increases aggressive behavior
– Lower serotonin turnover (release and re-synthesis of 5HT)\

5-HIAA Acid (Main component of serotonin)
– 5-HIAA (5-hydroxy-indol-acetic acid) in CSF
– Increased aggression and risk
behavior in low 5-HIAA

49
Q

What can occur when an individuals Serotonergic System is faulty, and they have low levels of 5-HIAA acids

A

Low 5-HT turnover linked to:
– recurrent violent behavior
– suicide by violent means
– s variant of 5HT transporter gene and more violent suicide

Proven through Drug Tests: SSRI and decreased aggression

50
Q

s carriers show higher rate of activity in
right amygdala in response to angry/fearful
faces, compared to l carriers. These “s” carriers have what is known as the

A

5HT transporter gene

51
Q

Aggression has lot to do with the body’s natural processes, brain function, etc, but an equally important factor is

A

Gene x Environment

■ MAOA (Low vs. High)
■ Low activity= aggression
- Caspi study (2002): MAOA gene and childhood maltreatment on anti-social behavior

52
Q

Happiness can be studied through the emotion
of ________, however …

A

Compassion

Also
- BAS vs. BIS
Results are more variable
– L PFC and L mPFC (Cerqueira et al 2008; Pelletier et
al 2003)
– L amygdala (Markowitsch et al 2003; Zotev et al
2011)
– L & R ACC (Zotev et al 2011, 2014)

53
Q

Sato et al., 2015

A
  • 51 Japanese men and women
  • Rating from Subjective Happiness Scale and Emotion Intensity Scale
  • MRI Results: Greater volume of right precuneus in happy individuals
54
Q

Children with a history of maltreatment show ____________ to fearful faces and are quicker to detect subtle forms of negative
expressions when compared to children who are not maltreated
(Masten et al., 2008)

A

faster reaction times

55
Q

(Masten et al., 2008)

A

Maltreated 8-15 year old children presented with set of facial
expressions that slowly morph from happy to fearful.

Children with a history of maltreatment show faster reaction times tofearful faces and are quicker to detect subtle forms of negative
expressions when compared to children who are not maltreated

56
Q

A __________ is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.

A

mirror neuron

57
Q

The main components involved in mirror neurons are

A

Premotor Area
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Inferior Parietal Cortex

58
Q

■ Learning-based, non-invasive
therapy modality
■ Receive real-time feedback about
their brain activity
■ Shows patients brain functioning
– helps change learned patterns
activity

A

Neurofeedback

59
Q

a helpless baby is conditioned to FEAR fluffy animals and Santa Claus

A

Little Albert Experiment

PSY 324 (11 decks)

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