Week 7 - Emotion

Question 1

4 components to an emotional response

Answer 1

■ Cognition (this is a dangerous situation)
■ Feelings (I’m scared)
■ Behavioral (run away!!)
■ Physiological (heart racing)

Question 2

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that

Answer 2

James Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotional stimuli first induce peripheral (meaning not located in the brain) physiological changes that are then interpreted by the brain and recognized as emotional. The basic idea here is that physiological arousal precedes recognition of emotional stimuli as emotional, and if the physiological arousal is removed, the emotion will not be felt.

Question 3

Emotional situations
arouse the ____ ____ ____ .

Answer 3

autonomic
nervous system.

Question 4

Most situations evoke a
combination of
_______ and
_________ arousal.

Answer 4

Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic

Question 5

Is Physiological Arousal Necessary
for Emotion?

Answer 5

Results suggest that autonomic responses and subjective
experience are not always closely connected

Question 6

Physiological responses increase emotional _____ .

Answer 6

intensity

Question 7

For every heart-wrenching negative emotional experience you
endure, you need to experience at least three heartfelt positive
emotional experiences that uplift you

Answer 7

Positivity Ratio

Question 8

The Positivity Ratio is

Answer 8

3:1

Question 9

Condition: output from
autonomic nervous system
to body fails, Report feeling same
emotions, but less
intensely.

Answer 9

Pure Autonomic Failure
(Cannon, 1945)

Question 10

Brain Damage in Emotion
(Johnsen et al, (2009)
■ Damage to right somatosensory
cortex
_________________________________
■ Damage to prefrontal cortex
_______________________________

Answer 10

– Typical autonomic responses but
lack subjective experience

– Weak autonomic responses but
normal subjective responses

Question 11

T / F: Actions Alter Emotions

Answer 11

True
Physiological responses increase emotional intensity
– Horror movie in cold room = scarier
■ (Sugamura and Higuchi, 2015)
– Feel more anger standing than lying down
■ (Harmon-Jones and Peterson, 2009)
■ Why?
– Perceptions of body’s action contribute to your emotions
■ “Embodied”

Question 12

– Forming a facial expression strengthens
the internal feeling of that expression

Answer 12

Facial Feedback
Hypothesis

Question 13

Botox and the Pencil Experiment are examples of _________

Answer 13

Facial Feedback
Hypothesis

Question 14

– Underdeveloped VI and VII cranial
nerves
– Lack of facial expression, crossed
eyes, inability to smile / move head.

Answer 14

Möbius syndrome

Question 15

Mobius syndrome is _______ to Facial Feedback
Hypothesis

Answer 15

CONTRARY
- Cannot move facial muscles to make a
smile but still express “feeling” happy

Question 16

Darwin viewed Facial Expression of Emotion as _______

Answer 16

Facial Expression of Emotion as Innate

Question 17

There are ___ / ___ universal basic facial expressions

Answer 17

6 / 7
(slide says 6, online says maybe 7)

Question 18

T/F: Basic Facial Expressions are Cross-Cultural

Answer 18

True

Question 19

A study by David Matsumoto of facial expressions in the Olympics between sighted and non-sighted athletes showed that

Answer 19

Emotions are biologically / physiologically universal and are not determined through culture or replicating behaviour

Question 20

Heijnsbergen & de Gelder (2005):
congruent vs incongruent
expressions of emotion (mismatching body language in comparison to facial expression) negatively influence
__________ & worse at ____________

Answer 20

Reaction Time
&
Recognizing emotions

Question 21

• Forebrain areas
  surrounding thalamus
  – Traditionally known
  as critical for emotion

Answer 21

The limbic system

Question 22

True / False: Much of cerebral cortex
also reacts to emotional
situations

Answer 22

True

Question 23

The main if not specific brain region that causes digust is known as the _______ and is located in _________

Answer 23

Insula
The cerebral cortex area

Question 24

True / False: Emotions are seen as continous dimensions

Answer 24

True

Question 25

To visualize emotions scientifically we use ___________ _________

Answer 25

Continuous Dimensions

Question 26

Body System that regulates: ■ Low to moderate autonomic arousal ■ Tendency to approach ■ Left hemisphere activation of frontal and temporal lobe. However, in both activation and inhibition

Answer 26

Behavioural Activation System (BAS) the right hemisphere is is more important for emotion recognition and emotion expression

Question 27

■ Increased attention and arousal ■ Social withdraw, fear and disgust ■ Right hemisphere activation of frontal and temporal lobe. However, in both activation and inhibition

Answer 27

Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) the right hemisphere is is more important for emotion recognition and emotion expression

Question 28

Guide for making quick emotional decisions

Answer 28

Moral Decisions

Question 29

Examples of (3) Emotional Adaptive Behaviours and their purpose

Answer 29

Fear -> escape Anger -> attack Disgust -> Avoid

Question 30

The trolley problem shows how the function of emotions diverge into two categories, ______ & ________

Answer 30

Utilitarian Aspect – 5 people die Emotional Aspect – How you would feel performing the action Governed by different brain regions – Ventromedial PFC – active when comparing utilitarian and emotional

Question 31

Most basic form of emotional learning

Answer 31

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

Question 32

Innate emotion is ________________________ Example:

Answer 32

automatic (like a reflex, and does not require conscious thought. It is hereditary, it is triggered by some specific stimulus, and it is performed the same way every time) Example: Startle Reflex

Question 33

Learned behavior comes from ___________

Answer 33

Experiences (and it comes from learning how to respond to a situation or from being taught.)

Question 34

a set of skeletomuscular contractions[1–3] viewed as a behavioral interrupt that prepares the organism for action elicited by sudden or loud stimuli.

Answer 34

Startle reflex

Question 35

The brain area involved in Conditioned Emotional Responses is primarily the

Answer 35

Amygdala (Learning occurs through enhanced amygdala activation) – Early research conducted in rodents

Question 36

The brain area primarily responsible for fear is the

Answer 36

Amygdala

Question 37

Amygdala responds most strongly when a facial expression is ______________

Answer 37

ambiguous/ difficult to interpret

Question 38

Highly emotional / reactive people may have

Answer 38

Increase amygdala activity

Question 39

Damage to the Amygdala results in loss of emotion? _____________

Answer 39

Makes emotional responses more difficult but – Does not result in loss of emotion ■ Can classify emotional pictures ■ Experience little arousal from viewing unpleasant photos

Question 40

rare genetic condition that causes calcium to build up in the amygdala until it wastes away

Answer 40

Urbach-Wiethe disease

Question 41

Case study of SM

Answer 41

WOMAN MISSING AMYGDALA Experiences fearlessness that is dangerous to her: robberies at gunpoint, physical assaults, no inhibition when strangers approach – Reports feeling angry but not afraid in response to these incidents – Inability to recognize fear or disgust, or report reduced intensity – Willingness to undergo stress challenge (CO2 challenge) again without a second thought

Question 42

Damage to insula results in inability to experience and recognize _________.

Answer 42

disgust

Question 43

Effects of testosterone on behavior depends on ___________

Answer 43

context (threat vs. no-threat)

Question 44

Aggressive behavior depends on ________

Answer 44

testosterone (Across cultures, males are more likely to fight than females, commit more violent crimes, and shout more insults) – More testosterone = more aggression in males

Question 45

2 reasons for aggressive behavior

Answer 45

– Reproduction behaviors – Defensive behaviors

Question 46

Important body systems / brain areas in aggression

Answer 46

– Amygdala – ventromedial PFC – Serotonergic system

Question 47

What main body system inhibits attention

Answer 47

Serotonergic system

Question 48

What does the Serotonegic System do (function)

Answer 48

– Enabling synaptic connections inhibit aggressive behavior – Destruction of synaptic connection increases aggressive behavior – Lower serotonin turnover (release and re-synthesis of 5HT)\ 5-HIAA Acid (Main component of serotonin) – 5-HIAA (5-hydroxy-indol-acetic acid) in CSF – Increased aggression and risk behavior in low 5-HIAA

Question 49

What can occur when an individuals Serotonergic System is faulty, and they have low levels of 5-HIAA acids

Answer 49

Low 5-HT turnover linked to: – recurrent violent behavior – suicide by violent means – s variant of 5HT transporter gene and more violent suicide Proven through Drug Tests: SSRI and decreased aggression

Question 50

s carriers show higher rate of activity in right amygdala in response to angry/fearful faces, compared to l carriers. These "s" carriers have what is known as the

Answer 50

5HT transporter gene

Question 51

Aggression has lot to do with the body's natural processes, brain function, etc, but an equally important factor is

Answer 51

Gene x Environment ■ MAOA (Low vs. High) ■ Low activity= aggression - Caspi study (2002): MAOA gene and childhood maltreatment on anti-social behavior

Question 52

Happiness can be studied through the emotion of ________, however ...

Answer 52

Compassion Also - BAS vs. BIS Results are more variable – L PFC and L mPFC (Cerqueira et al 2008; Pelletier et al 2003) – L amygdala (Markowitsch et al 2003; Zotev et al 2011) – L & R ACC (Zotev et al 2011, 2014)

Question 53

Sato et al., 2015

Answer 53

* 51 Japanese men and women * Rating from Subjective Happiness Scale and Emotion Intensity Scale * MRI Results: Greater volume of right precuneus in happy individuals

Question 54

Children with a history of maltreatment show ____________ to fearful faces and are quicker to detect subtle forms of negative expressions when compared to children who are not maltreated (Masten et al., 2008)

Answer 54

faster reaction times

Question 55

(Masten et al., 2008)

Answer 55

Maltreated 8-15 year old children presented with set of facial expressions that slowly morph from happy to fearful. **Children with a history of maltreatment show faster reaction times tofearful faces and are quicker to detect subtle forms of negative expressions when compared to children who are not maltreated**

Question 56

A __________ is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.

Answer 56

mirror neuron

Question 57

The main components involved in mirror neurons are

Answer 57

Premotor Area Primary Somatosensory Cortex Inferior Parietal Cortex

Question 58

■ Learning-based, non-invasive therapy modality ■ Receive real-time feedback about their brain activity ■ Shows patients brain functioning – helps change learned patterns activity

Answer 58

Neurofeedback

Question 59

a helpless baby is conditioned to FEAR fluffy animals and Santa Claus

Answer 59

Little Albert Experiment