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Physiology > week 9 > Flashcards

week 9 Flashcards

endurance

1
Q

what is the 3 basic principles of exercise training

A

overload, specificity and reversibility

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2
Q

what is overload

A

increasing weight or reps or workload in order to force the physiological systems at a level which is unaccustomed

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3
Q

what is specificity

A

The training is specific to muscle fiber types, energy systems or type of contraction - iso, ecc or conc

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4
Q

what is the concept of reversibility

A

gains are lost when training ceases

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5
Q

endurance training and vo2 max uses what types of muscles and activity

A

dynamic and large/gross movements

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6
Q

vo2 max increase is caused by what type of training

A

endurance training - 3 times a week for 20-60min

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7
Q

individuals with a higher vo2 max will need to train what to increase vo2 max

A

higher intensities

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8
Q

do genetics impact vo2 max

A

yes

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9
Q

heritability effects what percent of sedentary adults

A

50%

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10
Q

what is the percentage of improvement in vo2 max as a training response

A

15-20%

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11
Q

low responders to vo2 max improvements is what percent

A

2%

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12
Q

what percentage will a high responder improve by

A

50%

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13
Q

heritability of training adaptations is what percent

A

47

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14
Q

what is the fick equation

A

vo2 max = cardiac output x a-vo2 difference

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15
Q

why does training improve vo2 max

A

exercised induced improvements of vo2 max due stroke volume and a-vo2 max resulting in vo2 max improving due to the fick equation

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16
Q

if you have a low vo2 max will it have bigger gains

A

yes

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17
Q

a higher vo2 max means more work for bigger gains or they will be smaller

A

a higher intensity will be need to make up and the gains will be smaller

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18
Q

how to increase stroke volume within exercise

A

training increases maximal stroke volume

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19
Q

what factors cause an increase in stroke volume (within exercise)

A

preload, plasma volume, venous return and ventricular volume all increase, increasing stroke volume

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20
Q

what is pre load

A

The amount of the ventricles stretch at the end of diastole ( edv - end-diastolic volume ( amount of blood before diastole ends

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21
Q

pre load increases causing an increase in what for exercise

A

stroke volume which helps improve cardiac output

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22
Q

pre load can be increased or effected by what

A

hydration

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23
Q

hydration will help increase what

A

venous return and pre load

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24
Q

pre load can also be effected by what

A

sympathetic ns or vasopressors (drugs) - which increase venous return increasing preload

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25
Q

directs and vasodilation’s can do what

A

Decrease preload causing urination and blood pooling and decreasing venous return

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26
Q

what is afterload

A

the pressure ventricles work against to open the semi lunar valves to pump blood out

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27
Q

what effects afterload

A

vascular resistance - higher means an increase in afterload

28
Q

what can increase afterload

A

vasoconstrictions, narrowed vessels causing more force needed for ventricles ( and valve problems)

29
Q

what can decrease afterload

A

dilators causing less vascular resistance

30
Q

what does pulmonary hypertension effects and why

A

afterload due to increased vascular resistance

31
Q

hypertrophy of the heart means what

A

better pre and afterload due to strength

32
Q

endurance training effects what

A

stroke volume increase , decrease in afterload and arterial constriction decrease

33
Q

contractility of the heart improves during what

A

endurance training

34
Q

what is the twist mechanism

A

in the left ven. there is 2 muscular helixes that surround the midventricular outer layer of the muscle fibres in which they contract in a twisting motion minimizing stress of the lv muscle

35
Q

increased endurance training positively increase the twist ..

A

mechanism of the left ventricle

36
Q

explain when and how the twist mechanism works

A

during systole the twist stores energy and during diastole untwists and recoils releasing energy and aiding ventricular ejection of blood

37
Q

what influence stroke volume

A

plasma, filling time, venous return, ventricular volume, contractility, resistance and end diastole

38
Q

what is equation for cardiac output

A

stroke volume x hr

39
Q

after exercise why is the hr lower

A

an increase in stroke volume due to exercise and Q can be achieved in less bpm

40
Q

post exercise hr causes an increase in what

A

vagal tone and greater filling time

41
Q

what may cause the hr to fall in highly trained endurance athletes

A

sa node firing rate decreased

42
Q

post endurance training hr recovery is ..

A

faster

43
Q

training increases arteriovenous o2 difference causing what

A

increase in diameter of arteries and a decrease in sns

44
Q

diameter of arteries within arteriovenous o2 difference varies between what

A

which limb is being used and causes an increase of blood flow to that limb

45
Q

mitochondria, capillary density, muscle fibres extracting blood and slower blood blood all from what

A

training-induced in arteriovenous o2 difference

46
Q

subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar is increased from what

A

longer time of training adaption in the mitochondrial and muscle

47
Q

80% of total mitochondria in muscle fibres from what

A

training-induced longer training time

48
Q

muscle mithondria adapt quickly by what percent to training

A

50

49
Q

whats the difference between sub max and maximal exercise effects

A

sub max has lower blood flow in trained and max exercise is higher and av difference is greater

50
Q

what effects are there on performance and homeostasis from endurance training

A

muscle glycogen stores, cv and thermo adaptations as ell as muscle fibres - works more effectively

51
Q

4 changes for homeostasis from endurance training

A

the shift in muscle fiber types, mitochondrial increase, fuel shift utilization, antioxidant capacity, and improve acid-base regulation

52
Q

fast to slow shift inn muscle fibre type is an example of what

A

adaptation from endurance training

53
Q

increased capillaries, reduction in fast fibres, incr. in slow myosin effectivity is an example of what

A

endurance adaptations from training

54
Q

incr. in waste removal, diffusion of o2 and capillaries around muscle is from what

A

endurance training

55
Q

what effects does mitochondria does endurance training have

A

mitho. turnover for healthy from damaged. increased rates of oxidative phosphorylation from more adp and less pc depletion and less lactate

56
Q

Endurance training helps fat mobilization and sparing of glucose and glycogen as well as what being oxides

A

lipids

57
Q

Transport of ffa from cytoplasm to the mitochondria, as well as increased in B enzymes and acetyl coa comes from where

A

endurance training

58
Q

how does acid base balance change

A

more mitho causing less cho use and less pyruvate as well as NADH shuttles increasing etc and less lactic acid formation

59
Q

exercise stress activates what

A

gene transcription

60
Q

muscle contraction activates what messengers

A

primary and secondary

61
Q

primary and secondary messengers results in what

A

expression of genes and synthesizing new proteins

62
Q

intra cellular signaling in response causes what

A

protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis

63
Q

muscular adaptative responses depends on what

A

type of training - resistance vs endurance and intensity and duration of training

64
Q

what biochemical changes in muscle is due to endurance training

A

improves muscle homeostasis and feedback from mechanoreceptors to the cv control center
and
less feedback to cv cc from g3 and 4 nerve fibres
also less motor units recruited

65
Q

training induced reductions improved muscle homeostasis during exercise and reduced feedback from

A

muscle chemoreceptors

66
Q

detraining causes what (decreases in)

A

vo2 max, sv, mitochondria, 2a fibres, oxidative capacity ad maximal avo2 difference and plasma volume

67
Q

what occurs to mitochondria within first week of no training

A

50% drop and majaority of training drops in 2 weeks

Physiology (18 decks)

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