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Physiology > week 3 control of movement and CNS > Flashcards

week 3 control of movement and CNS Flashcards

1
Q

function of the nervous system

A

coordinate systems internally and externally and control environment

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2
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the nervous system

A

somatic, special, visceral

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3
Q

what is the sensory division of the ns

A

afferent fibres sending impulses from receptors to the cns

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4
Q

what is the motor divison

A

efferent fibres transmitting impulses from sna to effectors

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5
Q

what is the peripheral ns

A

outside the cns

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6
Q

what does motor output do

A

initiates and transmits information to effectors from cns

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7
Q

the sensory nervous system is output or input

A

input

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8
Q

what is somatic sensory

A

input from ears, eyes ,skin

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9
Q

what is efferent

A

going away - to the organs

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10
Q

what does the sensory nervous system do

A

detect stimulus inputs from receptors

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11
Q

what is somatic sensory

A

eyes , ears, skin

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12
Q

what is visceral sensory

A

sensory input for the organs- nonconscious

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13
Q

what is motor division

A

efferent fibres impulses from cna to effectors

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14
Q

what is motor output

A

initiating and transmitting information from effectors to cns

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15
Q

what is somatic motor

A

voluntary and controlled - effectors skeletal muscle

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16
Q

what is autonomic motor control ouput

A

cardiac involuntary information - cardiac and bp - smooth muscle

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17
Q

what is an axon

A

carries electrical messages

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18
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

layer of swann cells which help propagation of nerve conduction

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19
Q

what is the nodes called in meylin sheath

A

raniver

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20
Q

what is a synapse

A

a contact point between the axon and dendrite - send neurotransmitters from one nerve to another

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21
Q

what is a dendrite

A

the structures in which attach to the axons for transmission

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22
Q

what is resting membrane potential

A

the negative resting charge and different between inside and outside the cell

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23
Q

what is polarised

A

negative

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24
Q

what is depolarized

A

positive

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25
Q

what is hyperpolarized

A

extra positive

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26
Q

what is the resting negative charges for resting membrane potential in cell

A

-5 to 100mv

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27
Q

what’s the resting membrane potential for neurons

A

-45 to -75

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28
Q

why is the resting potentail always negative

A

sodium is higher outside and potassium is higher outside

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29
Q

what is resting membrane determined by

A

permeability and difference in NA and K

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30
Q

what is the permeability regulated by

A

proteins - allowing channels to open and or close

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31
Q

what happens when the channels open for sodium and potassium

A

the gradients will go from low to high concentration- changing resting membrane potential

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32
Q

at rest what channels are open

A

potassium

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33
Q

which channels are closed at resting membrane potential

A

sodium

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34
Q

what is constantly leaving the cell causing a negative charge

A

K

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35
Q

atp is used to minitor that what moving in and out the cell

A

Potassium

36
Q

how many pottasium moving in

A

2

37
Q

how many sodium moving in membrane potential

A

3

38
Q

when does action potential occur

A

when a strong enough stimulus depolarized the cell

39
Q

what does ap do for membrane potential

A

opens channels of sodium changing the cell to positive and depolarizing the cell

40
Q

what is repolarizing

A

the cell returns to the original resting membrane potential - negative with more sodium on the outside and potassium inside and sodium channels close

41
Q

the gates open means what is formed

A

action potential and then it can be stimulated again

42
Q

what is the all or none law with axons

A

the conduction of nerve cannot go back when left

43
Q

what is synaptic transmission

A

chemical messenger released from presynaptic membrane, causing depolarization

44
Q

neurotransmitter scan be what 2 types

A

inhibitory and or exhibitory

45
Q

what can excitatory postsynaptic potential promote

A

depolarization in 2 ways

46
Q

what are the 2 types of depolarisation promotion

A

temporal summation and spatial summation

47
Q

what is temporal summation

A

rapid repetitive excitation from a single excitatory presynaptic neuron

48
Q

what is spatial summation

A

summing from EPSP FROM several different presynaptic neurons

49
Q

what does inhibitory signals cause

A

hyperpolarization

50
Q

Neurons with more negative membrane potential tend to resist what more

A

depolarization

51
Q

what is joint proprioception for

A

helping understand where the body is and how t move it as well as receive information

52
Q

what are free nerve endings for

A

touch pressure sensory

53
Q

what are golgi tendons for

A

in joint ligaments - monitors force development

54
Q

mechanical input examples

A

pressure or length of muscle

55
Q

examples of information proprioception picks up

A

joint angle, length, tension

56
Q

what do muscle spindles do

A

respond to changes in the muscle length preventing overstretching

57
Q

what do muscle spindles consist of

A

extrafusal muscles

58
Q

what are gamma motor neurons

A

stimulate the intrafusal fibres to contact the extrafusal fibers using an alpha motor neuron

59
Q

what is the stretch reflex

A

causes reflex reaction to prevent overstretching

60
Q

how does the stretch reflex occur

A

Spindles stimulate the spinal cord where sensory and motor neurons initiation contraction stopping overstretching

61
Q

what do spindles help maintain

A

regulation of movement and posture

62
Q

golgi tendons prevent

A

too much force

63
Q

stimulation og GTO results in what

A

reflex relax of muscle

64
Q

what signals help work with GTO

A

inhibitory and alpha motor neurons

65
Q

gto can vary depending on what

A

strength

66
Q

how does GTo action occur

A

sensory neurons and AP sent to spinal cord and all 3 types of neurons with alph moto cause muscle relaxation

67
Q

inhibition of alpha motor neurons = what

A

relaxed tendons

68
Q

msucle contraction is a response to what

A

ap in the spinal cord

69
Q

what are muscle chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

changes in chemicals - H+ ions and CO2 + K

70
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

A

inform CNS about metabolic muscular activity

71
Q

a motor unit is with what

A

the muscle fibres it innervates

72
Q

motor neurons are found where

A

in the spinal cord

73
Q

what is a low ratio of innervation ratio and why is it small

A

finer movements - 23/1

74
Q

what is an example of big innervation ratio and why

A

gross movements - 1000/1

75
Q

what muscle fiber is recruited first

A

1

76
Q

cerebrum and cerebral cortex is used for what

A

movement organization and storage of experience and recepting sensory information

77
Q

what does the brainstem do

A

CV function, locomotion and muscle tone, posture and information receiving from sense

78
Q

cerebellum is control of movement and

A

integration of sensory information

79
Q

brain stem sections 3 are

A

pons, medulla ob. mid brain

80
Q

what does midbrain do

A

connects pons and cerebral hemisphere and controlls response, movement and hearing

81
Q

what does the medulla ob. do

A

autonomic function and relays signals from brain to spinal cord and helps movement

82
Q

what does pons do

A

involved in sleep and autonomic function - also relays cerebellum and cerebrum

83
Q

what is the dorsal root neurons

A

sensory

84
Q

what is the ventral root neurons

A

innervate the spinal cord / motor

85
Q

what is spinal tuning

A

the intrinsic neural network which helps refine movement after receiving stimulus

86
Q

where does the withdrawal reflex occur

A

reflex arc - contraction of muscle through spinal cord

87
Q

how does the withdrawl reflex occur

A

the sensory neurons from pain conduct ap to spinal cord
excitatory interneurons and alpha neurons innervate flexor muscle

Physiology (18 decks)

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