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Child Development > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Emotions

A
  • Happiness, anger, surprise, disgust, sadness, fear, interest
  • Experienced universally
  • Subjective feeling
  • Physiological change (blood rush to face)
  • Overt Behaviour (facial expression)
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2
Q

Development of basic emotions

A
  • One month: infants smile; pleasant vs unpleasant
  • 2-3 months: social smiles
  • 4-6 months: anger
  • 6 months: fear
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3
Q

Which basic emotion is least understood

A

Disgust

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4
Q

Stranger wariness

A

Distress in presence of an unfamiliar adult
- starts around 6 months

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5
Q

Complex emotions

A
  • Self-conscious or secondary emotions
  • pride, shame, guilt, embarrassment
  • involve feelings of success when standards or expectations are met; failure when they are not
  • 18-24 months because it requires development of self-concept
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6
Q

Later development of emotions

A
  • Complexity increases
  • Regret and relief develop around age 9
  • Context in which emotions are experienced varies: shame and guilt for actions that younger children do not feel
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7
Q

Cultural differences in emotional development

A
  • Same emotions experienced universally
  • Cultures differ in extent to which expression is encouraged - Asian cultures favor restrain
  • Variation in what triggers pride, embarrassment and shame based on cultural contexts
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8
Q

Recognizing emotions

A

By 6 months: differentiate happy from sad face

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9
Q

Social referencing

A

in unfamiliar situations, infants look to their caregiver

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10
Q

Regulating emotions

A

ways in which one controls own emotions

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11
Q

Regulating emotions in infants

A

Infants show some regulation
- Thumb-sucking or holding security blanket
-looking away from disturbing events
- 2 way communication system develops in which infant signals distress, and when caregiver responds, distress is reduced
- infants with secure attachments have better emotion regulation

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12
Q

Emotional regulation through attention

A

Divert attention to other less emotional stimuli, thoughts, feelings

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13
Q

Temperament

A

Infants emotional reactivity & regulation
- Categorized on 9 dimensions

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14
Q

Easy temperament

A

usually happy, cheerful, adjust well to new situations, regular routines for eating, sleeping and toileting

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15
Q

Difficult temperament

A

unhappy, irregular in eating/sleeping, respond intensely to unfamiliar situations

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16
Q

Slow-to-warm-up

A

Often unhappy, but not upset by unfamiliar situations
- Subcategory of difficult temperament

17
Q

Rothbarts 3 Dimensions underlying temperament

A
  • Extraversion: happy, active, seeks intersting stimulation
  • Negative affect: angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, not easily soothed
  • Effortful control: Focus attention, not readily distracted, can inhibit response
18
Q

Support for rothbart (2011)

A
  • Cross-cultural evidence supports biologically based differences in determining temperament
  • Parenting applications match the temperament of your baby
19
Q

Heredity of Rothbart dimensions

A
  • Negative affect more influenced by heredity
  • Temperament in childhood shows higher heritability than in infancy
20
Q

DRD4 Gene

A
  • Implicated in regulating attention, motivation and reward, novel-seeking in adults
  • Systems likely involved in temperament
  • Some variants of DRD4 gene make individuals more susceptible to environmental effects
21
Q

Kitayama et al. DRD4 gene independent vs interdependent social orientation

A
  • Genes mediate the effect of culture on cognitive development
  • Greater sense of independence in European Americans
  • Greater sense of interdependence
  • more pronounced in gene carriers
22
Q

Attachment

A

Social-emotional relationship between baby and caretaker

23
Q

John Bowlby: Preattachment

A

0-8 weeks
- recognize mother’s smell and sound
- smiles and cries to engage with caregiver

24
Q

John Bowlby: Attachment in the making

A

6-8 weeks to 6-8 months
-Infants behave differently to familiar vs unfamiliar adults

25
Q

John Bowlby: True attachment

A

6-8 to 18 months
- Singled out attachment figure

26
Q

John Bowlby: Reciprocal relationship

A

18+ months
- Growing cognitive and language skills allows for a true partnership

27
Q

4 types of attachment based on strange situation

A

Secure attachment, avoidant attachment, resistant attachment, disorganized attachment

28
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Baby may cry when mom leaves, but when mom returns, baby is relieved
- 60 - 65%

29
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Baby not upset when mom leaves, and when mom returns, may ignore her by looking/turning away
- 20%

30
Q

Resistant attachment

A

Baby is upset when mom leaves, but remains upset or even angry when mom returns; difficult to console
-10-15%

31
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Baby seems confused when mom leaves, and when she returns, still not responsive
-5-10%

32
Q

Culture differences in attachment

A
  • Majority of infants have secure attachment
  • In cultures valuing independence children demonstrate avoidant attachment
  • In cultures valuing interdependence children demonstrate resistant attachment
33
Q

Developmental outcomes of attachment styles

A
  • Secure attachment provides the foundation for future social relationships
  • Secure infants have better friendships and better romantic relationships
  • Insecure attachment associated with behaviour problems
34
Q

Trust

A

To develop secure attachment, infants must develop an internal working model of caregiver’s availability and responsiveness generally, in times of stress

35
Q

Types of Adult attachment

A

Secure, Dismissive, Preoccupied

36
Q

Secure Adults

A

Describe childhood experiences objectively; value impact of their caregiver-child relationship

37
Q

Dismissive Adult Attachment

A

Sometimes deny value of childhood experiences and sometimes unable to recall experiences, yet often idealize their caregivers

38
Q

Preoccupied adult attachment

A

Describes experiences emotionally and often express anger/confusion regarding relationships

Child Development (18 decks)

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