Chapter 2 Flashcards
Def: Natural Selection
the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species tat are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce
Def: Evolutionary Psychology
emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior
Def: Fit
the ability to bear offspring that survive long enough to bear offspring of their own
Genome-wide association method
aims to identify genetic variations linked to a particular disorder
Linkage analysis
goal is to discover the location of a gene in relation to a marker gene
Next-generation sequencing
describes the vast increase in genetic data generated at a much reduced cost and in a much shorter period of time
1,000 Genomes Project
goal of determining the genomic sequences of at least 1,000 individuals from different ethnic groups around the world
Sources of genetic variability
-the chromosomes in the zygote are not exact copies of those in the mother’s ovaries and the father’s testes
-Mutated genes
-variation between genotype and phenotype
Genetic imprinting
occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother of the father
Down syndrome
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
-an extra chromosome causes mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities
-round face, flattened skull, extra fold of skin over eyelids, protruding tongue, short limbs and disabilities involving motor and intellectual development
Klinefelter Syndrome
SEX- LINKED CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
An extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities
-enlarged breasts and tall
-impairment in language, academic, attentional and motor abilities
Fragile X syndrome
SEX-LINKED CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
An abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span
-prominent ears, a long face, a high arched palate and soft skin
-mental deficiency
Turner Syndrome
SEX-LINKED CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
A missing X chromosome in females
-can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment
XYY syndrome
SEX-LINKED CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
An extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height
-Aggression and violence
Phenylketonuria
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-metabolic disorder that, left untreated, causes intellectual disability
Cystic Fibrosis
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span
Diabetes
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-Body does not produce enough insulin which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar
Hemophilia
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
Huntington Disease
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
Sickle-cell anemia
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen supply; it can cause joint swelling, as well as heart and kidney failure
Spina Bifida
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities
Tay-Sachs Disease
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
-Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system
Ultrasound Sonography
-high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant women’s abdomen
-can detect structural abnormalities, number of fetuses and give clues to baby’s sex
Fetal MRI
-used to diagnose fetal malformations
-uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structure
Chorionic Villus Sampling
-10 to 14 weeks
-used to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities
-a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed
Amniocentesis
- 14 to 20 weeks
-a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal and metabolic disorders
Maternal Blood Screening
16-18 weeks
-identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects
-measures 3 substances in mothers blood
Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis
- Focused on brain-imaging techniques, the isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother’s blood and analysis of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma
Fetal Sex Determination
-between 11 and 13 weeks
-through chorionic villus sampling
Behavior Genetics
the field that seeks to discover the influence of hereditary and environment on indiviudal differences in human traits and development
Passive genotype-environment correlations
biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child
Evocative Genotype-environment correlations
a child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments
Active genotype-environment correlations
when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating
Shared environmental experiences
siblings common experiences
Nonshared environmental experiences
a child’s unique experiences that are not shared with a sibling
-within and outside the family
Epigenetic View
states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment
Gene x environment interaction
the interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment
