Week 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is social learning

A

Social learning = acquiring information from others
- Humans unique in that we can pass on information from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Cultural transmission of knowledge study

A

MONKEYS
- 18 moth old Imo washed her potatoes in nearby stream
- 3 months later Imo’s mom and 2 playmates observed to be washing potatoes
- During next 2 years, 7 other youngsters observed
- 3 years after initial observation, 40% of troop was washing potatoes
- Was not social learning because speed of spread of behaviour did not increase as more members learned it

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3
Q

Lyons et al. Puzzle box

A
  • 4 steps demonstrated, only 2 necessary for goal
  • Children age 3 - 5 years tend to use mimicry and over-imitate
  • Genetic predisposition to pay attention to others
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4
Q

Parenting styles demensions

A
  1. Warmth and responsiveness
    - High: Openly warm and affectionate, involved with children, respond to emotional needs
    - Low: focused more on own needs, even sometimes hostile
  2. Control
    - Efforts to set rules and impose limits on what children are allowed to do
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5
Q

Authoritative Parenting style

A

Explain rules and encourage discussion
Impact: responsible, self-reliant, friendly, high academic achievement

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6
Q

Authoritarian Parenting style

A

Rules are to be followed without discussion; respect and obedience
Impact: Unhappy, low self-esteem, often aggressive

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7
Q

Permissive parenting style

A

Infrequent punishment, allow children to do what they want
Impact: Impulsive, little self-control

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8
Q

Uninvolved parenting style

A

Provides for basic needs but little else
Impact: Most difficulty, poor academic performance, aggression

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9
Q

Cultural differences in Parenting styles

A
  • Hamilton: low depression ratings associated with positive parenting styles
  • Asian Culture: Cooperation and collaboration more important than individualism (authoritarian parenting with positive outcome)
    -Latino Cultures: Respect for family; authoritarian
    -Low SES: More controlling and punitive
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10
Q

Observational Learning

A

Includes counter-imitation: learning what should not be done

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11
Q

Direct instruction

A

telling a child what to do when and why
- explain consequences

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12
Q

Feedback

A

Reinforcement: increases recurrence of response
Punishment: decreases recurrence of response

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13
Q

Negative reinforcement trap

A

When parents give in to complaining and whining with a compromise it reinforces that behaviour

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14
Q

Use of physical punishment

A
  • Children between the ages of 2-12 years
  • not degrading, humiliating or harmful
  • delivered when one is collected and not angered
  • used to correct or teach child
    best when:
  • administered directly after undesired behaviour
  • consistent
  • accompanied by explanation
  • a warm affectionate relationship exists
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15
Q

Punishment and extinction

A
  • Skinner observed that punishment reduces behaviour only while punishing agent is present; behaviour continues when threat of punishment is removed
  • better to praise because punishment is only effective if parents are watching
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