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Child Development > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

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2
Q

Ethnicity

A

Rooted in culture heritage, nationality, race, religion and language

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3
Q

Socioeconomic Status

A

a person’s position within society based on occupational, educational and economic characteristics

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4
Q

Gender

A

the characteristic of people as males and females

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5
Q

Individual characteristics of resilient children

A

-Good intellectual functioning
-Appealing, sociable, easygoing disposition
-Self-confidence, high self-esteem
-talents
-faith

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6
Q

Family characteristics of resilient children

A

-Close relationship to caring parent figure
-authoritative parenting: warmth, structure, high expectations
-Socioeconomic advantages
-Connections to extend supportive family networks

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7
Q

Extrafamilial context of resilient children

A

-Bonds to caring adults outside the family
-Connections to positive organization
-attending effective schools

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8
Q

Biological Processes

A

Produce changes in an individual’s body

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9
Q

Cognitive processes

A

lead to changes in an individual’s toughts, intelligence and language

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10
Q

Socioemotional processes

A

produce changes in relationships with other people, emotions and personality

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11
Q

Prenatal Period

A

Conception to birth
-single cell grows into fetus and then baby, complete with a brain and a vast range of capabilites

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12
Q

Infancy

A

18-24 months
-psychological abilities are beginning

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13
Q

Early Childhood

A

infancy to 5 or 6
-become more self sufficient

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14
Q

Middle and late childhood

A

6-11
-children master fundamental skills of reading, writing and arithmetic
-exposed to larger world and its culture

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15
Q

Adolescence

A

Transition from childhood to early-adulthood
-begins with rapid physical changes
-pursuit of independence and personality

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16
Q

Cohort

A

a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result

17
Q

Continuity vs discontinuity

A

focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

18
Q

Early-later experience issue

A

focuses on the degree to which early experience or later experience are the key determinants of the child’s development

19
Q

Def: theory

A

an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and to make predictions

20
Q

Def: hypothesis

A

a specific testable assumption or prediction

21
Q

Psychoanalytic theories

A

describe development as primary unconscious and heavily colored by emotion
-emphasizes that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that te urunderstanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind

22
Q

Freud’s Theory of development

A

ORAL STAGE (birth to 1.5)
-infants pleasure centers on the mouth
ANAL STAGE (1.5 to 3)
-child’s pleasure focuses on the anus
PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6)
-child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
LATENCY STAGE (6 to puberty)
-Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
GENITAL STAGE (puberty onward)
-a time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family

23
Q

Stages of Erikson’s theory

A

Trust vs mistrust - first year
Autonomy vs shame and doubt - 1-3
Initiative vs guilt - 3-6
industry vs inferiority - 6 to puberty
identity vs identity confusion - 10-20
intimacy vs isolation - 20s,30s
generativity vs stagnation - 40s,50s
Integrity vs despair - 60s onward

24
Q

Cognitive theories

A

emphasize conscious thoughts

25
Q

Behavioral and social cognitive theories

A

emphasizes continuity and argues that development does not occur in stages
-Pavlovs classical conditioning
-skinners operant conditioning
-Banduras social cognitive theory

26
Q

Pavlov’s classical conditioning

A

a neural stimulus produces a response originally produced by another stimulus

27
Q

Operant conditioning

A

the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the future probability of the behavior

28
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

states that behavior, environment and cognition are key factors in development

29
Q

Ethology

A

stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periords

30
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

A

-holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems
MICROSYSTM: setting which individual lives
MESOSYSTEM: relations between microsystems or connections between contexts
EXOSYSTEM: links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual’s immediate context
MACROSYSTEM: the culture in which individuals live
CHRONOSYSTM: the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life courses

Child Development (18 decks)

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