Chapter 1 Flashcards
Culture
encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation
Ethnicity
Rooted in culture heritage, nationality, race, religion and language
Socioeconomic Status
a person’s position within society based on occupational, educational and economic characteristics
Gender
the characteristic of people as males and females
Individual characteristics of resilient children
-Good intellectual functioning
-Appealing, sociable, easygoing disposition
-Self-confidence, high self-esteem
-talents
-faith
Family characteristics of resilient children
-Close relationship to caring parent figure
-authoritative parenting: warmth, structure, high expectations
-Socioeconomic advantages
-Connections to extend supportive family networks
Extrafamilial context of resilient children
-Bonds to caring adults outside the family
-Connections to positive organization
-attending effective schools
Biological Processes
Produce changes in an individual’s body
Cognitive processes
lead to changes in an individual’s toughts, intelligence and language
Socioemotional processes
produce changes in relationships with other people, emotions and personality
Prenatal Period
Conception to birth
-single cell grows into fetus and then baby, complete with a brain and a vast range of capabilites
Infancy
18-24 months
-psychological abilities are beginning
Early Childhood
infancy to 5 or 6
-become more self sufficient
Middle and late childhood
6-11
-children master fundamental skills of reading, writing and arithmetic
-exposed to larger world and its culture
Adolescence
Transition from childhood to early-adulthood
-begins with rapid physical changes
-pursuit of independence and personality
Cohort
a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result
Continuity vs discontinuity
focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages
Early-later experience issue
focuses on the degree to which early experience or later experience are the key determinants of the child’s development
Def: theory
an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and to make predictions
Def: hypothesis
a specific testable assumption or prediction
Psychoanalytic theories
describe development as primary unconscious and heavily colored by emotion
-emphasizes that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that te urunderstanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind
Freud’s Theory of development
ORAL STAGE (birth to 1.5)
-infants pleasure centers on the mouth
ANAL STAGE (1.5 to 3)
-child’s pleasure focuses on the anus
PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6)
-child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
LATENCY STAGE (6 to puberty)
-Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
GENITAL STAGE (puberty onward)
-a time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family
Stages of Erikson’s theory
Trust vs mistrust - first year
Autonomy vs shame and doubt - 1-3
Initiative vs guilt - 3-6
industry vs inferiority - 6 to puberty
identity vs identity confusion - 10-20
intimacy vs isolation - 20s,30s
generativity vs stagnation - 40s,50s
Integrity vs despair - 60s onward
Cognitive theories
emphasize conscious thoughts
Behavioral and social cognitive theories
emphasizes continuity and argues that development does not occur in stages
-Pavlovs classical conditioning
-skinners operant conditioning
-Banduras social cognitive theory
Pavlov’s classical conditioning
a neural stimulus produces a response originally produced by another stimulus
Operant conditioning
the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the future probability of the behavior
Social Cognitive Theory
states that behavior, environment and cognition are key factors in development
Ethology
stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periords
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
-holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems
MICROSYSTM: setting which individual lives
MESOSYSTEM: relations between microsystems or connections between contexts
EXOSYSTEM: links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual’s immediate context
MACROSYSTEM: the culture in which individuals live
CHRONOSYSTM: the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life courses
