Chapter 3

Question 1

The Germinal Period

Answer 1

period of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception
-creation of the fertilized egg followed by cell division and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Question 2

Blastocyst

Answer 2

inner mass of cells that will eventually develop into the embryo

Question 3

Trophoblast

Answer 3

outer layer of cells that will later provide nutrition and support

Question 4

Implantation

Answer 4

the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
- takes place 11 to 15 days after conception

Question 5

The embryonic period

Answer 5

the period of prenatal development that occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after conception
-the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form and organs appear

Question 6

Endoderm

Answer 6

inner layer of cells in an embryo
-will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems

Question 7

Mesoderm

Answer 7

the middle layer of cells in an embryo
-will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system and reproductive system

Question 8

Ectoderm

Answer 8

the outermost layer of cells in an embryo
-will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors and skin parts

Question 9

Amnion

Answer 9

a bag like structure containing a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

Question 10

Organogenesis

Answer 10

the process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development

Question 11

When does the neural tube become the spinal cord

Answer 11

3 weeks after conception

Question 12

When do the eyes begin to appear in a developing embryo

Answer 12

21 days

Question 13

When do the cells of the heart begin to differentiate

Answer 13

24 days

Question 14

What occurs during the 4th week of developmet

Answer 14

-urogenital system becomes apparent
-arm and leg buds emerge
-heart takes shape and blood vessels appear

Question 15

What occurs form the 5th to 8th week of development

Answer 15

-arms and legs differentiate further
-face starts to form
-intestinal tract develops

Question 16

The fetal period

Answer 16

lasting about 7 months
-growth and development continue during this time

Question 17

3 months after conception

Answer 17

-fetus becomes active: moving arms and legs, opening and closing mouth, moving head
-Facial features and limbs are distinguishable

Question 18

4 months after conception

Answer 18

-growth spurt occurs in the body’s lower parts
-mother can feel arm and leg movements

Question 19

5th month after conception

Answer 19

-Skin has formed - toenails and fingernails
-fetus shows preference for position in womb

Question 20

6th month

Answer 20

-eyes and eyelids completely formed
-fine layer of hair covers head
-grasping reflex present
-irregular breathing movements occur
-becomes viable

Question 21

Last 2 months of pregnancy

Answer 21

-fatty tissues develop
-various organ systems are functioning fully
-fetus grows longer and gains substantial weight

Question 22

anencephaly

Answer 22

-highest regions of the brain fail to develop
-head end of the neural tube fails to close

Question 23

Neurogenesis

Answer 23

the generation of new neurons
-takes place in 5th prenatal week and continues throughout the remainder of the prenatal period

Question 24

Neuronal migration

Answer 24

-celling moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations and creating different levels, sturctures and regions of the brain
-occurs 6 to 24 weeks

Question 25

Teratogen

Answer 25

any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes

Question 26

What factors effect the type of defect and the severity of damage when exposed to a teratogen

Answer 26

-Dose
-Genetic susceptibility
-Time of exposure

Question 27

Caffeine

Answer 27

-recommended to not be consumed
-no known associated defects

Question 28

Alcohol

Answer 28

-facial deformities and defective limbs, face, and heart
-learning problems

Question 29

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Answer 29

a cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy

Question 30

Nicotine

Answer 30

-preterm births, low birth weights, fetal and neonatal deaths, respiratory problems and sudden infant death syndrome
-increased risk of ADHD development

Question 31

Cocaine

Answer 31

-Reduced birth weight, length and head circumference
-lower arousal, less effective self-regulation, higher excitability and poorer reflexes
-impaired motor development, slower growth rate, higher blood pressure, impaired language development, learning disabilities
-increased aggression and behavioral problems

Question 32

Methamphetamine

Answer 32

high infant mortality, low birth weight, and developmental and behavioral problems

Question 33

Marijuana

Answer 33

poorer functioning after birth, low birth weight, premature birth and higher likelihood of neonatal intensive care admission

Question 34

Heroin

Answer 34

withdrawal symptoms, behavioral problems, attention deficits

Question 35

Incompatible Blood Types

Answer 35

-Rh-factor is present in Rh-positive people but not Rh-negative people
-If mother is Rh-negative and baby is Rh-positive, the mother’s immune system may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus
-can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, anemia, jaundice, heart defects, brain damage or death soon after birth

Question 36

Syphilis

Answer 36

-damaging later in development
-eye lesions which can cause blindness or skin lesions

Question 37

Prenatal maternal stress

Answer 37

-increased risk for having a child with emotional or cognitive problems, ADHD and language delay