Week 10

Question 1

William James Self-Concept

Answer 1

• Two sides to self: awareness of one’s existence
• “I”: ability to think about ourselves
• “Me”: sum total of what a person knows or believes about himself/herself

Question 2

When does I- self develop

Answer 2

Emerges around 3 months
- realizes my actions have consequences

Question 3

When does me-self develop

Answer 3

Emerges around 15 months

Question 4

At what age can a baby recognize their own image in a mirror

Answer 4

2 years
- Cultural difference: pass faster in cultures that value independence

Question 5

Self concept at 2 years

Answer 5

Understand that I exists continuously in time

Question 6

Self Concept in pre-school

Answer 6

Self concept anchored in tangible activities, preferences, competencies and physical characteristic
Cultural differences: asian children more likely to describe relationships

Question 7

self concept in elementary school

Answer 7

Introduction of emotions, competencies relative to others

Question 8

Self concept in adolescence

Answer 8

More complex, abstract, differentiated, integrated, and possible self

Question 9

Cognitive development effect on self concept

Answer 9

• Increased ability to think logically and abstractly
• Can understand multiple points of view
• Keep different aspects of a situation simultaneously in the mind

Question 10

Social development effect on self concept

Answer 10

• Self concept is powerfully influenced by others
• “looking glass self”: we learn to know ourselves by interacting with others and observing how they respond to us, which builds our self-concept
• “generalized other”: a summary of the ways in which others have responded to us, and we carry this concept with us

Question 11

Adolescent Egocentrism

Answer 11

• Failure to make distinction between one’s own point of view and someone else’s point of view
• Adolescents think about their own thinking
  -consider that others may be thinking similarly
  -self-absorption and self-consciousness
• egocentric thinking

Question 12

Imaginary audience

Answer 12

• Adolescents are so absorbed with others’ thinking, they assume that others are also just as interested in them
• Audience watching every move
• Explains conformity, susceptibility to peer pressure, heightened need for privacy, noisiness

Question 13

Personal Fable

Answer 13

• Belief that one’s thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique
• New capacity to think about own mental processes - misinterpreted as unique thought

Question 14

Illusion of invulnerability

Answer 14

Belief in uniqueness -misfortune only happens to others
- Explains risk-taking in adolescence
- Mechanism: limbic system matures faster than prefrontal cortex
-necessary biological mechanism to leave nest and start new family

Question 15

Identity Crisis

Answer 15

Erikson
- Need to explore what is unique about oneself
- Need to be respected and validated by family, friends and community
-Unconscious identification with parents’ personalities, beliefs, values, views of self

Question 16

Identity Commitment

Answer 16

Choosing a belief or course of action and making a personal investment in it

Question 17

What determines identity status

Answer 17

• Occupation
  -Beliefs and values
• Interpersonal relations

Question 18

Identity Foreclosure

Answer 18

Identity largely determined by adults than personal discovery

Question 19

Identity achievement

Answer 19

Explored alternatives and deliberately chose identity

Question 20

Identity Diffusion

Answer 20

Overwhelmed by task of achieving self-identity

Question 21

Identity Moratorium

Answer 21

Still examining alternatives

Question 22

Contributing factors to self-esteem in childhood

Answer 22

Scholastic, athletic, social (mostly parents), appearance

Question 23

Contributing factors to self-esteem in adolescence

Answer 23

Scholastic, athletic, appearance and social
- social divided into dating, parents, peers, co-workers, friends

Question 24

What is the biggest contributing factor to self-esteem?

Answer 24

Appearance

Question 25

Levels of Self-esteem

Answer 25

Preschool: highest Elementary School: drop but then stabilizes Transition to high school: drops again with change in environment; but then stabilizes

Question 26

Cultural differences in North America

Answer 26

Children: Asian -> European -> African and Hispanic High school: African -> Hispanic and European -> Asian - Asian culture emphasizes modesty - Western culture: social comparison

Question 27

Sources of Self-Esteem

Answer 27

ACTUAL COMPETENCE -Children enjoy domains in which they do well, and incorporate them into self-concept HEREDITY -genetic make-up that makes individuals smarter, more athletic, better-looking, more personable OTHERS EVALUATIONS - Affectionate & responsive parents boost child's self-esteem

Question 28

Types of praise

Answer 28

- Ability Praise - Effort Praise

Question 29

Effects of types of praise on 5th graders

Answer 29

"Wow, you did very well on these problems" - Ability, effort or control added on - Effort praise increased persistence and the number of problems students were able to complete -Ability praise decreased in the number of problems they were able to solve

Question 30

What is low self-esteem linked to?

Answer 30

- More problems with peers - More psychological disorders - More likely to be involved in bullying - More likely to do poorly in school

Question 31

Low self-esteem and depression

Answer 31

- Individuals with low-self esteem are more likely to develop depression - Young children with depression do not necessarily develop low self-esteem with age - 5% of boys and 12% of girls age 12 - 19 - They have difficulty regulating emotions and tendency to attribute failures to internal traits increase risk

Question 32

Peer relations and low self-esteem

Answer 32

- Low self-esteem may cause children to withdrawal from social activities - With poor peer relations, children have low social self-worth

Question 33

Narcissistic Youth

Answer 33

- Grandiose view of themselves, believe they are better than others relish attention and compliments - Prone to aggression: cannot allow others to undervalue them - Prone to Depression: when they realize that their view is not realistic

Question 34

Development of understanding others

Answer 34

1. Concrete descriptions 2. Psychological Traits (but still concrete) 3. Abstract Traits NOTE: verbal descriptions likely underestimate children's understanding