Chapter 5

Question 1

Def: Sensation

Answer 1

When information interacts with sensory receptors

Question 2

Def: Perception

Answer 2

the interpretation of what is sensed

Question 3

Def: affordances

Answer 3

opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities

Question 4

The ecological view

Answer 4

• Our perceptual system directly perceives information that exists around us in our information rich environment rather than taking bits and pieces and building representations
  -connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver

Question 5

Visual Preference Method
-researcher
-Def
-protocol

Answer 5

ROBERT FRANTZ
Def: Studies whether infants can distinguish one stimulus form another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli

-infant place in looking chamber with 2 visual stimuli above
-experimenter viewed the infant’s eyes by looking through peephole
-allows experimenter to determine how long the infant looked at each display

Question 6

Habituation and Dishabituation
-protocol

Answer 6

• Repeated presentation of stimulus
  -infant decreases looking time after several presentations
  -new stimulus presented
  -recovered looking time indicates ability to discriminate

Question 7

At what age do infants look longer at patterned stimuli compared to patternless disks

Answer 7

2 to 3 weeks old
-look longer at patterned stimuli by 2 days

Question 8

Def: Habituation

Answer 8

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

Question 9

Def: Dishabituation

Answer 9

the recovery of a habituated response after change in stimulation

Question 10

High-Amplitude Sucking
-purpose
-protocol

Answer 10

Used to assess an infants attention to sound
-infants given nonnutritive nipple which is connected to a sound-generating system
-baseline amplitude sucking rate in silent period recorded
-presentation of sound made contingent on sucking rate
-greater sucking rate = greater interest
-if sound changes and they can detect it there will be a increase in sucking rate

Question 11

The orienting Response

Answer 11

Used to determine whether an infant can see or hear
-involves turning one’s head toward a sight or sound

Question 12

Infancy Visually Acuity

Answer 12

-at birth nerves and muscles and lens of the eye are still developing
-newborns vision estimated to be 20/240
-by 6 months of age vision is 20/40

Question 13

Infancy Face Perception

Answer 13

-Infants show interest in human faces soon after birth
-infants speed more time looking at their mother’s face than a stranger’s face as early as 12 hours after being born
-by 4 months infants match voices to faces and distinguish between male and female faces and discriminate between faces of their own racial and ethnic groups compared with those of other groups

Question 14

Infancy Pattern Perception

Answer 14

2-3 week old infants prefer to look at patterned displays

Question 15

Infancy Color Vision

Answer 15

-8 weeks (possibly as early as 4), infants can discriminate between some colors
-4 months they have color preferences

Question 16

Infancy Perceptual Constancy

Answer 16

SIZE CONSTANCY
-the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object
-as young as 3 months show shape constancy with limitations
-develops across early and middle childhood

SHAPE CONSTANCY
-the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes
-3 month olds have shape constancy for regular shaped objects

Question 17

Infants perception of occluded objects

Answer 17

-first 2 months infants don’t perceive occluded objects
-ability to track briefly occluded objects at about age 3 - 5 months
-5 - 9 track moving objects that disappear abruptly

Question 18

Infants Depth perception
-Name
-experiment
-age development

Answer 18

Gibson and Walk
-constructed miniature cliff with a drop off covered by glass
-infants placed on edge and mothers call for them on other side
-most infants would crawl on glass indicating depth perception
-critics think its a better test of social referencing and fear of heights
- 6-12 months could tell
-2- 4 months had differences in HR depending on side

Question 19

At what age do infants develop the ability to use binocular cues

Answer 19

3 to 4 months

Question 20

When do children become efficient at detecting boundaries between colors

Answer 20

3 to 4 years

Question 21

At what age are eye muscles developed enough for them to move their eyes efficiently across a series of letters

Answer 21

4 or 5 years

Question 22

At what point in pregnancy can a fetus hear

Answer 22

the last 2 months

Question 23

What kinds of hearing can take place during infancy

Answer 23

-loudness
-pitch
-localization

Question 24

Def: pitch

Answer 24

the perception of the frequency of a sound

Question 25

Cochlear implants

Answer 25

-small, electronic devices that directly stimulate the auditory nerve
-are done for children born deaf as early as 12 months of age
- many children will show good progress in learning speech and in understanding others’ speech

Question 26

Otitis Media

Answer 26

-a middle ear infection that can impair hearing temporarily
-in some cases the infection can develop into a more chronic condition in which the middle ear becomes filled with fluid causing serious hearing impairment

Question 27

Can newborns perceive touch and pain

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

Smell perception in newborns

Answer 28

newborns can differentiate odors

Question 29

Taste perception in infants

Answer 29

-taste sensitivity is present before birth
-at only 2 hours babies can differentiate between sweet, sour and bitter
-during first 7 months begin to prefer salty tastes

Question 30

Intermodal Perception

Answer 30

integrating information from two or more sensory modalities
- exploratory forms of intermodal perception exist even in newborns
-young infants can coordinate visual-auditory information involving people
-Coordination of vision and touch develops rapidly in 2 to 3 months

Question 31

Nativists

Answer 31

Emphasis on nature components of perceptual development

Question 32

Empiricists

Answer 32

emphasis on learning and experience

Question 33

Is the ecological view nativist or empiricist

Answer 33

-leans towards nativist because it holds that perception is direct and evolved over time to allow the detection of size and shape constancy, a 3-d world, intermodal perception and so on
-not entirely nativist - emphasizes that distinct features in perception were detected at different ages