Week 8 - Neurodevelopment Disorders

Question 1

Cerebral cortex is….

Answer 1

responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness, and voluntary movement

Question 2

The amygdala is part of…

Answer 2

the limbic system and involved in emotion and aggression

Question 3

Cerebellum is

Answer 3

a structure that coordinates fine muscle movement and balance

Question 4

Medulla is..

Answer 4

responsible for regulating largely unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation

Question 5

Hypothalamus is…

Answer 5

responsible for regulating basic biological needs; hunger, thirst, temperature and thus maintaining homeostasis

Question 6

Hippocampus is..

Answer 6

part of the limbic system and involved in learning and memory

Question 7

The brain uses how much of the body energy at rest?

Answer 7

20%

Question 8

The adult brain contains how many neurons?

Answer 8

86.1 billions

Question 9

The neocortex contains how many neurons?

Answer 9

16.3 billion. these neurons have to be assigned and then placed to establish connections and networks

Question 10

How manhy synpases in the neocortex

Answer 10

164 trillion, each neuron receives between 7200 and 80000 synpases

Question 11

How many neurons are made per hour in the developing prenatal neocortex?

Answer 11

3.86 million/hour, 42.3 million synapses are formed every minute in the late prenatal and early postnatal life

Question 12

When does the brain start developing?

Answer 12

in the 3rd week of gestation

Question 13

The ectoderm becomes the…

Answer 13

NS and skin

Question 14

mesoderm becomes …

Answer 14

musculoskeletal, vascular and lymphatic systems, kidneys and gonads

Question 15

endoderm becomes…

Answer 15

GI tract, glands, lung, liver and pancreas

Question 16

What happens at the end of week 3 of gestation?

Answer 16

the notochord induces the formation of the neural plate from the lateral edges of the ectoderm, which then folds and fuses to form the neural tube

Question 17

What happens by the end of week 4?

Answer 17

the neural tube separates from the ectoderm

Question 18

Where are the excitatory projection neurons and modulatory/regulatory neurons usually located in the neocortex?

Answer 18

the excitatory are usually found within deeper layers which the modulatory are more superficial. There are around 5-6 distinct layers of neurons

Question 19

Outline of neural proliferation,differentiation and migration

Answer 19

1. Massive proliferation occurs in the neural epithelial progenitor cells ( neurogenic zone) which is adjacent to the ventricles ( ventricular zone)
2. progenitors undergo symmetric and then asymmetric cell division to form radial glia or intermediate precursor cells
   
   • intermediate precursor cells go on to form neurons or glial cells
3. Precursor cells then migrate to diff cortical layers in an inside out order such that earlier born neurons are deeper

Question 20

Neuronal migration

Answer 20

There are 2 patterns:

• progenitors that become excitatory projection neurons
  
  • progenitors originate in the VZ and undergo cell division and migrate to dorsal surface of brain by climbing processes that extend from radial cells via radial migration
• progenitors that become modulatory inhibitory neurons
  
  • progenitors from ganglionic eminence, these migrate tangentially