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BM3052 > Week 8-Autism Spectrum Disorder > Flashcards

Week 8-Autism Spectrum Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

ASD affects

A

1 in 100

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2
Q

ASD is how mnay more time prevalent in males?

A

4 times

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3
Q

2 core symptoms of ASD

A
  1. persistent deficits in social communication
  2. restricted and fixated interests
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4
Q

behav symptoms with ASD

A

anxiety, hyperactivity, agitation, impulsivity and sometimes aggresion

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5
Q

functional symptoms of ASD

A

sensory hypersensitivity,seizures and GI disorders

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6
Q

ASD includes…

A

aspergers, austistic disorder, PDD-NOS

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7
Q

the phenotypes of ASD

A
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8
Q

Why is ASD very hard to diagnose?

A

its very heterogeneous

can diagnose via DSM5 or ICD10

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9
Q

the neuroimaging biomarkers of ASD

A

Volumetric analysis( regional,cortical volume) fpor thickness and SA. this is because there is widespread reduction in white matter volume

connectivity via fibre tract measurement

functional markers via fMRI,eye tracking

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10
Q

Plasma biomarkers for ASD

A

abnromal levels of BDNF in blood ASD patients( can be increased or decreased)

decreased nighttime production of melatonin

altered components of metabolic(creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase) and inflamm(IL-1b, IL-4) pathways

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11
Q

what causes easly brian enlargemnt in ASD kids below 5

A

thought to be because of increase in synapses/glial cells/dendrites and neural connectivity because of synpase pruning defects,increased cortical thickness and folding in the partietal lobe,decreased GABA R expression in the superior frontal and parietal cortices, abnormal columnar structure in the neocortex, hypometabolism in the frontal regions

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12
Q

The neuropath of ASD

A

Early brain enalrgement in ASD children

increased brain volume disappears aorung 6-8 to abnormal slowness in growth

abnormaliteis (smaller neurons and reduced volume that are more densley packed) in limbic structures in older indivs including hippocampus,amygdala,cingulate cortex

cerebellar abnormalities of decreased volume,reduced number,size of pyrkinje cells

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13
Q

Where we should look for strutcural chnages in the brian should be guided by…

A

the 3 main symptoms

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14
Q

how does the minicolumn/column strutcure differ between ASD and non disordered childers?

A

in ASD the minicolumns in layers 3-5 are more closely packed than non disordered children

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15
Q

is ASH heritable?

A

YES highly, ~90%

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16
Q

List some ASD suseptitbility genes

A

SHANK2 and 3(scaffold proteins), adhension moelcules like Cadhgerins, GABA receptor subunits, voltage gated Ca+ subunits, regulators of chromatic remodelling MSCP2, CHD8, proteins involved in synapse formation neurexins and neuroligins

17
Q

Have SNPs been found for asd?

A

yes but ecah is only low risk

18
Q

The main genetic hypotheiss of ASD is that…

A

many variants of small effect contirbute ot the tipping of the person over the asd threshold

19
Q

ASD risk factors

A

maternal infection/immune dysfucntion

endocrine fatcors like maternal stress

obstretric factors like low birthweight,preterm,c-section,uterine bleeds

environmental factors like illicit drugs, maternal exposure to prescription med, heavy metals like mercury, pollution/enviornemntal toxins, cigarette smoke

20
Q

Theories of ASD

A

Impeded plasticity

Excitation inhibition dysregulation

theory of mind

21
Q

impeded plasticity is..

A
22
Q

Excitation and Inhibititon Dysregulation

A

imbalance of glutaminergic and GABAergic synapses

ASD patients are susceptible to dev of epileptic seizures

23
Q

theory of mind

A

the capacity to understand subjective mental states including subjective mental states including thought and desired is known as ToM

ToM develops early in children without liabilities byt is delayed in children with ASD

24
Q

Oxytocin in pregnancy and ASD

A
25
Q

potential oxytoxin treatment?

A

intranasal oxytocin has been trialed as a therpay

26
Q

oxytocin as a sociability hormone is ASD kids

A

plays a role in social behaviour

27
Q

Discrete trial trianing

A
28
Q

naturalistic interventions

A
29
Q

Learning experience:an alternative program

A
30
Q

Early strat denver model

A
31
Q

Skill based model

A
32
Q

3 main thing pahrmocological treatments of ASD trear

A

antipsychotics for aggression/irritability

antidepressants for hyperactivity/inattention/receptive behavior and impulsivity

these treat symptoms not cause

BM3052 (25 decks)

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