Week 8 - Mental Health and Autism Flashcards
The risk factors in common for mental illness and neurological disorders
genetics, smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, drug and alcohol use, older age, air pollution, brain injury
These are also common risk factors for many other chronic diseases
Common mental illnesses are
- depression
- panic disorders
- drug dependance
- insomnia
- potentially schizophrenia
Common neurological disorders are…
- Dementia
- Alzhiemers
- Epilepsy
- Autism
- MS
- Brain tumours/injury
- potentially schizophrenia
Why is Schizophrenia potentially a mental health condition and a neurological condition?
There are aspects of the disease that fit under both descriptions.
Define mental health
How many Australians report mental health conditions?
1 in 5
General demographic of Australians affected with mental health conditions ( gender/ age/ ethnicity?)
Affects all genders and ages.
The highest proportion reporting proportion is 15-24 yr olds whilst 0-14 yr olds are the lowest.
Higher reported in female populations.
Affect of comorbidities on mental health?
With severe disability, 58% of affected individuals also have mental health conditions whereas this is 14% in able bodies individuals.
Cost burden of mental health
Costs the government ~$28.6 billion in both health and economic burden. This is huge
Common mental health condition domains…
- Anxiety disorders
- panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, GAD, OCD, PTSD
- affective disorders/ mood disorders
- depressive episode( classed as mild/moderate/severe), Dysthymia, Bipolar Affective Disorder
- substance use disorder
- harmful alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, drug use disorders
The models of health are…
- Biomedical
- Social
- Humanistic
- Existential
- Transpersonal
- Religious
Define
Biomedical model of health
relies purely on biological factors
Define
Social model of health
takes into account social, cultural and political and environmental factors
Define
Humanistic model of health
looks at patients as a whole person and not just the illness
Define
Existential model of health
based on the idea that we are unware of things when they are normal and only notice them when they are not good
Define
Transpersonal model of health
Model focuses on potential for improvement of growth
Define
Religious model of health
religion used to refer to illness as punishment thus this is the belief that practicing faith can relieve maladies
The main model that of health is…
the biopsychosocial model of health
Looks at 3 important factors that impact health ( biological-ie genetic vulnerabilities, psychological-ie peers, social- ie self-esteeem). When we are treating someone we need to look at all of these
this is seen to be a mix of the biomedical, social, and humanistic models
The biopsychosocial model of health for depression…
- biological aspect
- inherited predisposition to depression
- age
- chronic pain
- illness- diabetes, stroke, heart disease
- psychological aspect
- low self-esteem
- pessimistic
- perfectionist
- social aspect
- violence or abuse
- lack of social support
- job loss
- divorce
Currently, more than …. of countries have no mental health policy
40%
More than …. have no mental health programme
30%
The barriers to mental health services…
- Non recognition
- lack of language to describe symptoms
- The belief that it is not the domain of the doctors
- denial
- fear
- stigma
- distrust of doctors
- financial burden
5 A’s. The reasons why people may have trouble accessing health services.
- Approachability
- identifying that there is a service available
- Acceptability
- is it an acceptable service to the client socially, culturally, etc?
- Availability
- can clients reach it? telehealth is good for this one
- Affordability
- is it feasible? are there many indirect costs like having to take time off work?
- Appropriateness
- is it the right service for the clients needs
Of 413,600 unemployed people, …. had a 12-month mental health disorder
29%
…. of 10.4 million people who are employed had a 12-month mental health disorder
20%
Mental health is lower in the unemployed
False
Employers and mental health
Lots of employers are apprehensive to employ someone with mental health issues. this poses an even greater financial impact on these individuals with serious mental health issues.
Housing, Homelessness and mental health
more than half (54%) of a group of 484,400 homeless people report having had a 12-month mental disorder.
Anxiety disorders, affective disorders and substance abuse are substantially higher in this group showing strong evidence of social determinants of health contributing to mental health
3 ways to manage mental illness
- pharamological
- psychological
- CBT
- Family therpay
- electroconvulsive therpay
- last line of therapy nad only used when nothing else works
- modern day version of this is not as severe
- does happen for severe depression and can be more effective than medications and therapy
GPs and mental health
12.4% of GP encounters in 2015-16 were for mental health.
The most frequently manages problems are Depression, Anxiety, Sleep disturbances
The most common management given by GPs is medication( used in 61.6% of mental health conditions)
…. of Australians have a mental illness and concurrent physical illness
12%
…. with a physical ullness also suffer sanxiety
9%. This is the most common concurrent mental health illness with physical malady
A person with comorbid mental health issues and physical illness is most likely to be…
a female in her early 40s. This is usually because of chronic pain
Comorbidity also increases with disadvantages. Socioeconomic status affects the likelihood of mental and physical comorbidities
When discussing ASD we use which language approach…
Identity-first approach
i.e disabled person or autistic person
this is preferred to the person first ( person with disability/autism) and middle-ground approach ( person on the spectrum)
Austrism Spectrum Disorder includes…
Austism, Aspergers, PDD-NOS
Autism affects…
- communication and social interaction
- it may result in restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities, stimming/rocking
- some people have sensory sensitivities and can have meltdowns when overloaded
How many Australians are on the austistic spectrum
1 in 100 to 1 in 200
Most people on the spectrum report….
facing difficulties at school did not have high school qualification and are not employed
Autism and mental health…
ASD is very correlated to…
- anxiety
- depression
- PTSD
- EDs
- Bipolar disorder
- Psychosis, Schizophrenia
How many times more likely are high masking autistic individuals more likely to die?
14 times more by suicide
