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ANATOMY > WEEK 8 (Muscular system & Muscles of the head) > Flashcards

WEEK 8 (Muscular system & Muscles of the head) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A

To contract or shorten which makes it responsible for all body movements

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • SKELETAL (striated, voluntary)
  • CARDIAC (striated, involuntary)
  • SMOOTH (involuntary)
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  • packaged into organs called SKELETAL MUSCLES that attach to skeleton
  • large, cigar shaped, multinucleate cells
  • LARGEST muscle fibers
  • also known as STRIATED MUSCLE and as VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
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4
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A
  • Joined muscle cells from muscle fibers surrounded by ENDOMYSIUM
  • Bundles of muscle fibers form FASCICLES surrounded by PERIMYSIUM
  • Multiple FASCICLES form a muscle surrounded by EPIMYSIUM
  • Muscles and the EPIMYSIUM are covered by FASCIA
    -Muscles attach to bones via TENDONS
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5
Q

What is the Endomysium?

A

a connective tissue sheath enclosing each muscle fiber

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6
Q

What is the Perimysium?

A

a fibrous membrane wrapping several sheathed muscle fibers, which forms a bundle of fibers called FASCICLE

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7
Q

What is the Epimysium?

A

a tougher “overcoat” of connective tissue which bounds many fascicles

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8
Q

What is the tendon/aponeurosis?

A

the ends of the epimysium that extends beyond the muscle blend either into a strong cordlike tendon or sheetlike aponeurosis

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9
Q

Where is Cardiac muscle found?

A

Only in the heart where it forms the bulk of the heart walls

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10
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The heart serves as a pump, propelling blood through blood vessels to all body tissues

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11
Q

How is cardiac muscle similar to that of smooth muscle?

A
  • uninucleate
  • under involuntary control
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12
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

It is found mainly in the walls of hollow (tubelike) organs such as the stomach, urinary bladder and respiratory passages

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13
Q

What are the properties of Smooth muscle?

A
  • uninucleate
  • arranged in layers
  • two types of layers: one running CIRCULARLY and the other LONGITUDINALLY
  • layers change the SIZE and SHAPE of the organ as they contract and relax
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14
Q

What are the functions of Skeletal muscle?

A
  • produce movement
  • maintain posture and body position
  • stabilise joints
  • generate heat
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15
Q

Describe the movement of skeletal muscles in the body

A
  • muscles can only pull as they contract so body movements result from two or more muscles acting TOGETHER or AGAINST each other
  • arranged so that whatever one muscle can do, other muscles can reverse
  • groups of muscles that produce opposite movement lie on OPPOSITE SIDES of a joint
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16
Q

Define Prime mover

A

Prime mover is the muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement

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17
Q

Define Antagonists

A

Antagonists are the muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

When a prime mover is active, its antagonist is stretched and relaxed

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18
Q

Define Synergists

A

Synergists help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements

(when a muscle crosses two or more joints, its contraction will cause movement in all the joints crossed unless synergist are there to stabilise them)

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19
Q

Define Fixators

A

Fixators are specialised synergist; they hold a bone still or stabilise the origin of a prime mover

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20
Q

A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces ______________

A

flexion

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21
Q

A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces ______________

A

extension

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22
Q

A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces ________________

A

abduction

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23
Q

A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces __________________

A

adduction

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24
Q

What is used in naming skeletal muscles?

A
  • Direction of the muscle fibers
  • Relative size of the muscle
  • Location of the muscle
  • Number of origins
  • Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
  • Shape of the muscle
  • Action of the muscle
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25
Q

What are the different arrangement of Fascicles?

A
  • Circular
  • Convergent
  • Parallel
  • Fusiform
  • Pennate
26
Q

What are the different Pennates?

A
  • Multipennate
  • Bipennate
  • Unipennate
27
Q

Describe the Occipitofrontalis

A

ORIGIN: OCCIPITAL BELLY is found on the lateral two thirds of the SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINE on the OCCIPITAL BONE and mastoid part of the TEMPORAL BONE; FRONTAL BELLY fibers are continuous with those of procerus medially and orbiculares oculilaterally

INSERTION: Into the GALEA APONEUROTIA

INNERVATION: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION:
- draws scalp back
- raises eye brow and wrinkles forehead in surprised expression

28
Q

Describe the Temporoparietalis

A

ORIGIN: from TEMPORAL FASCIA above and in front of AURICLE OF EAR

INSERTION: Onto the TEMPORAL FASCIA and SKIN on the side of the head

INNERVATION: temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION:
- tightens the scalp
- draws back the skin of the temples

29
Q

Describe the Anterior auricular

A

ORIGIN: Anterior part of the TEMPORAL FASCIA

INSERTION: onto the SPINE of the HELIX

INNERVATION: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: draws the auricle backwards (minimal action)

30
Q

Describe the Superior auricular

A

ORIGIN: EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS on the side of the head

INSERTION: upper part of the cranial surface of auricle of ear

INNERVATION: temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: draws the auricle of the ear upward (minimal action)

31
Q

Describe the Posterior auricular

A

ORIGIN: MASTOID PROCESS of the temporal bone

INSERTION: medial surface of auricle at CONVEXITY OF CONCHA

INNERVATION: temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: draws the auricle of ear upward (minimal action)

32
Q

What are the muscles of the scalp?

A

Temporoparietalis & Occipitofrontalis

33
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the ear?

A
  • Anterior auricular
  • Superior auricular
  • Posterior auricular
34
Q

What are the muscles of the eyelids?

A
  • Orbicularis occuli: Palpebral part
  • Orbicularis occuli: Orbital part
  • Corrugator supercilii
35
Q

Describe the Orbicularis oculi: palpebral part

A

ORIGIN: medial palpebral ligament

INSERTION: cross the eyelids and interlace to form the lateral palpebral raphe (ridge/groove)

INNERVATION: temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: closes the eyelids gently (e.g sleeping & blinking)

36
Q

Describe the Orbicularis oculi: orbital part

A

ORIGIN: nasal part of the FRONTAL BONE, FRONTAL PROCESS of the MAXILLA and MEDIAL PALPEBRAL LIGAMENT

INSERTION: forms ELLIPSE around orbit without being interrupted on the lateral side

INNERVATION: temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: closes the eyelids when a more forceful contraction is necessary (e.g winking)

37
Q

Describe the Corrugator Supercilii

A

ORIGIN: medial end of the SUPERCILIARY ARCH

INSERTION: deep surface of the skin above the middle of the SUPRAORBITAL MARGIN

INNERVATION: temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: draws the eyebrows medially and down

38
Q

What are the muscles of the nose?

A
  • Procerus
  • Nasalis: Transverse part
  • Nasalis: Alar part
38
Q

What are the muscles of the nose?

A
  • Procerus
  • Nasalis: Transverse part
  • Nasalis: Alar part
39
Q

Describe the Procerus

A

ORIGIN: from fascia over the lower part of the nasal bone

INSERTION: into the skin of the lower part of the forehead between eyebrows

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: draws down the medial angle of eyebrow (e.g frowning or concentration)

40
Q

Describe the Nasalis: transverse part

A

ORIGIN: from the MAXILLA LATERAL to the NASAL NOTCH

INSERTION: ascends to bridge of nose

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: compresses the nasal aperture

41
Q

Describe the Nasalis: Alar part

A

ORIGIN: from the maxilla above the lateral incisor tooth

INSERTION: attaches to the cartilaginous ALA of the nose

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: assists in opening the nasal aperture in deep inspiration

41
Q

Describe the Nasalis: Alar part

A

ORIGIN: from the maxilla above the lateral incisor tooth and medial incisor

INSERTION: attaches to the cartilaginous ALA of the nose and into the mobile part of the nasal septum

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: assists in opening the nasal aperture in deep inspiration

42
Q

What are the different muscles of the mouth?

A
  • Levator labii superioris
  • Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
  • Levator anguli oris
  • Zygomaticus minor
  • Zygomaticus major
  • Risorious
  • Depressor labii iferioris
  • Depressor angle oris
  • Mentalis
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Buccinator
43
Q

Describe the Levator labii superioris

A

ORIGIN: along lower part of orbit from maxilla and zygomatic bones

INSERTION: upper lip between LEVATORS ANGULI ORIS and LABII SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE NASI

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: raises the upper lip and carries it forward

44
Q

Describe the Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

A

ORIGIN: upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla

INSERTION: inserts by two slips - into ALAR CARTILAGE and into upper lip with LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: raises the upper lip and dilates the nostril

45
Q

Describe the Levator anguli oris

A

ORIGIN: CANINE FOSSA of the maxilla just below the INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN

INSERTION: into the angle of mouth merging with ORBICULARIS ORIS, DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS and ZYGOMATICUS MAOR

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: raises the angle of the mouth and forms the nasolabial furrow

46
Q

Describe the Zygomaticus minor

A

ORIGIN: lateral surface of the ZYGOMATIC BONE

INSERTION: upper lip between LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS and ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: elevates the upper lip and helps form the nasolabial furrow

47
Q

Describe the Zygomaticus major

A

ORIGIN: from the zygomatic bone in front of the ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL SUTURE

INSERTION: into angle of mouth with LEVATOR and DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS and ORBICULARI ORIS MUSCLES

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: draws the angle of the mouth upward and backward (e.g laughing)

48
Q

Describe the Risorius

A

ORIGIN: from PAROTID FASCIA over the MASSETER MUSCLE

INSERTION: into the skin at the angle of the mouth

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: retracts the angle of the mouth

49
Q

Describe the Depressor lvii inferioris

A

ORIGIN: OBLIQUE LINE of MANDIBLE between the SYMPHYSIS MENTI and the MENTAL FORAMEN

INSERTION: into lower lip and at midline blending with muscle from the other side

INNERVATION: mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: draws the lower lip downward and a bit laterally

50
Q

Describe the Depressor anguli oris

A

ORIGIN: from OBLIQUE LINE of MANDIBLE, lateral and below DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS

INSERTION: into the angle of the mouth blending with ORBICULARIS ORIS and RISORIUS

INNERVATION: mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION: draws angle of mouth down and laterally (e.g sad expression)

51
Q

Describe the Mentalis

A

ORIGIN: from the INCISIVE FOSSA of the mandible

INSERTION: into the skin of the chin

INNERVATION: mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION:
- raises and protrudes lower lip
- wrinkles chin (e.g expression of doubt or disdain)

52
Q

Describe the Orbicularis oris

A

ORIGIN: fibers derived from other facial muscles pass into lips and some intrinsic muscles make up orbicularis oris

INSERTION: several strata of muscle fibers form a SPINCHTER-LIKE muscle with fibers that intersect at the angles of the mouth

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION:
- closes the lips
- deep fibers can press the lips against the teeth
- protrudes the lips
- important in speech

53
Q

Describe the Buccinator

A

ORIGIN: alveolar process of the mandible and maxilla; posteriorly it arises from the PTERYGOMANDIBULAR RAPHE (ridge) opposite superior constrictor

INSERTION: fibers course forward to blend into the formation of the ORBICULARIS ORIS, decussating at the angles of the mouth

INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

ACTION:
- compresses the cheeks during chewing
- compresses the distended cheeks (e.g when blowing a horn)

54
Q

What are the muscles of Mastication?

A
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Lateral pterygoid
  • Medial pterygoid
55
Q

Describe the Masseter

A

ORIGIN: zygomatic surface of maxilla and the zygomatic arch

INSERTION: lateral surface of RAMUS MANDIBLE and the CORONOID PROCESS OF MANDIBLE

INNERVATION: massteric branch of mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal cranial nerve V)

ACTION: closes the jaw by elevating the mandible

56
Q

Describe the Temporalis

A

ORIGIN: temporal fossa and deep surface of the temporal fascia

INSERTION: medial surface of anterior border of coronoid process & anterior border of ramus of mandible

INNERVATION: deep temporal branches of the mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal cranial nerve V)

ACTION:
- elevates mandible and closes jaw
- posterior fibers retract mandible

57
Q

Describe the Lateral pterygoid

A

ORIGIN: superior head - INFRATEMPORAL CREST and lateral surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone; inferior head - lateral surface of LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE of sphenoid

INSERTION: neck of condyle of mandible & articular disk and capsule of TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

INNERVATION: lateral pterygoid branch of mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal cranial nerve V)

ACTION:
- opens mouth by drawing condyle and disc forwards
- protrudes mandible

58
Q

Describe the Medial pterygoid

A

ORIGIN: deep head - medial surface of LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE of sphenoid & pyramidal process of palatine bone; superficial head - pyramidal process of PALATINE BONE & tuberosity of maxilla

INSERTION: lower and posterior part of MEDIAL SURFACE OF RAMUS and ANGLE OF MANDIBLE

INNERVATION: medial pterygoid branch of mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal cranial nerve V)

ACTION:
- elevates mandible closing jaw
- acting together protrudes mandible
- acting alone protrudes one side

ANATOMY (13 decks)

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