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ANATOMY > WEEK 8 (Muscular system & Muscles of the head) > Flashcards

WEEK 8 (Muscular system & Muscles of the head) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A

To contract or shorten which makes it responsible for all body movements

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • SKELETAL (striated, voluntary)
  • CARDIAC (striated, involuntary)
  • SMOOTH (involuntary)
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  • packaged into organs called SKELETAL MUSCLES that attach to skeleton
  • large, cigar shaped, multinucleate cells
  • LARGEST muscle fibers
  • also known as STRIATED MUSCLE and as VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
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4
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A
  • Joined muscle cells from muscle fibers surrounded by ENDOMYSIUM
  • Bundles of muscle fibers form FASCICLES surrounded by PERIMYSIUM
  • Multiple FASCICLES form a muscle surrounded by EPIMYSIUM
  • Muscles and the EPIMYSIUM are covered by FASCIA
    -Muscles attach to bones via TENDONS
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5
Q

What is the Endomysium?

A

a connective tissue sheath enclosing each muscle fiber

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6
Q

What is the Perimysium?

A

a fibrous membrane wrapping several sheathed muscle fibers, which forms a bundle of fibers called FASCICLE

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7
Q

What is the Epimysium?

A

a tougher “overcoat” of connective tissue which bounds many fascicles

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8
Q

What is the tendon/aponeurosis?

A

the ends of the epimysium that extends beyond the muscle blend either into a strong cordlike tendon or sheetlike aponeurosis

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9
Q

Where is Cardiac muscle found?

A

Only in the heart where it forms the bulk of the heart walls

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10
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The heart serves as a pump, propelling blood through blood vessels to all body tissues

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11
Q

How is cardiac muscle similar to that of smooth muscle?

A
  • uninucleate
  • under involuntary control
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12
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

It is found mainly in the walls of hollow (tubelike) organs such as the stomach, urinary bladder and respiratory passages

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13
Q

What are the properties of Smooth muscle?

A
  • uninucleate
  • arranged in layers
  • two types of layers: one running CIRCULARLY and the other LONGITUDINALLY
  • layers change the SIZE and SHAPE of the organ as they contract and relax
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14
Q

What are the functions of Skeletal muscle?

A
  • produce movement
  • maintain posture and body position
  • stabilise joints
  • generate heat
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15
Q

Describe the movement of skeletal muscles in the body

A
  • muscles can only pull as they contract so body movements result from two or more muscles acting TOGETHER or AGAINST each other
  • arranged so that whatever one muscle can do, other muscles can reverse
  • groups of muscles that produce opposite movement lie on OPPOSITE SIDES of a joint
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16
Q

Define Prime mover

A

Prime mover is the muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement

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17
Q

Define Antagonists

A

Antagonists are the muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

When a prime mover is active, its antagonist is stretched and relaxed

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18
Q

Define Synergists

A

Synergists help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements

(when a muscle crosses two or more joints, its contraction will cause movement in all the joints crossed unless synergist are there to stabilise them)

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19
Q

Define Fixators

A

Fixators are specialised synergist; they hold a bone still or stabilise the origin of a prime mover

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20
Q

A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces ______________

A

flexion

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21
Q

A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces ______________

A

extension

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22
Q

A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces ________________

A

abduction

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23
Q

A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces __________________

A

adduction

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24
Q

What is used in naming skeletal muscles?

A
  • Direction of the muscle fibers
  • Relative size of the muscle
  • Location of the muscle
  • Number of origins
  • Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
  • Shape of the muscle
  • Action of the muscle
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25
What are the different arrangement of Fascicles?
- Circular - Convergent - Parallel - Fusiform - Pennate
26
What are the different Pennates?
- Multipennate - Bipennate - Unipennate
27
Describe the Occipitofrontalis
ORIGIN: OCCIPITAL BELLY is found on the lateral two thirds of the SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINE on the OCCIPITAL BONE and mastoid part of the TEMPORAL BONE; FRONTAL BELLY fibers are continuous with those of procerus medially and orbiculares oculilaterally INSERTION: Into the GALEA APONEUROTIA INNERVATION: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: - draws scalp back - raises eye brow and wrinkles forehead in surprised expression
28
Describe the Temporoparietalis
ORIGIN: from TEMPORAL FASCIA above and in front of AURICLE OF EAR INSERTION: Onto the TEMPORAL FASCIA and SKIN on the side of the head INNERVATION: temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: - tightens the scalp - draws back the skin of the temples
29
Describe the Anterior auricular
ORIGIN: Anterior part of the TEMPORAL FASCIA INSERTION: onto the SPINE of the HELIX INNERVATION: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: draws the auricle backwards (minimal action)
30
Describe the Superior auricular
ORIGIN: EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS on the side of the head INSERTION: upper part of the cranial surface of auricle of ear INNERVATION: temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: draws the auricle of the ear upward (minimal action)
31
Describe the Posterior auricular
ORIGIN: MASTOID PROCESS of the temporal bone INSERTION: medial surface of auricle at CONVEXITY OF CONCHA INNERVATION: temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: draws the auricle of ear upward (minimal action)
32
What are the muscles of the scalp?
Temporoparietalis & Occipitofrontalis
33
What are the extrinsic muscles of the ear?
- Anterior auricular - Superior auricular - Posterior auricular
34
What are the muscles of the eyelids?
- Orbicularis occuli: Palpebral part - Orbicularis occuli: Orbital part - Corrugator supercilii
35
Describe the Orbicularis oculi: palpebral part
ORIGIN: medial palpebral ligament INSERTION: cross the eyelids and interlace to form the lateral palpebral raphe (ridge/groove) INNERVATION: temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: closes the eyelids gently (e.g sleeping & blinking)
36
Describe the Orbicularis oculi: orbital part
ORIGIN: nasal part of the FRONTAL BONE, FRONTAL PROCESS of the MAXILLA and MEDIAL PALPEBRAL LIGAMENT INSERTION: forms ELLIPSE around orbit without being interrupted on the lateral side INNERVATION: temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: closes the eyelids when a more forceful contraction is necessary (e.g winking)
37
Describe the Corrugator Supercilii
ORIGIN: medial end of the SUPERCILIARY ARCH INSERTION: deep surface of the skin above the middle of the SUPRAORBITAL MARGIN INNERVATION: temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: draws the eyebrows medially and down
38
What are the muscles of the nose?
- Procerus - Nasalis: Transverse part - Nasalis: Alar part
38
What are the muscles of the nose?
- Procerus - Nasalis: Transverse part - Nasalis: Alar part
39
Describe the Procerus
ORIGIN: from fascia over the lower part of the nasal bone INSERTION: into the skin of the lower part of the forehead between eyebrows INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: draws down the medial angle of eyebrow (e.g frowning or concentration)
40
Describe the Nasalis: transverse part
ORIGIN: from the MAXILLA LATERAL to the NASAL NOTCH INSERTION: ascends to bridge of nose INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: compresses the nasal aperture
41
Describe the Nasalis: Alar part
ORIGIN: from the maxilla above the lateral incisor tooth INSERTION: attaches to the cartilaginous ALA of the nose INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: assists in opening the nasal aperture in deep inspiration
41
Describe the Nasalis: Alar part
ORIGIN: from the maxilla above the lateral incisor tooth and medial incisor INSERTION: attaches to the cartilaginous ALA of the nose and into the mobile part of the nasal septum INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: assists in opening the nasal aperture in deep inspiration
42
What are the different muscles of the mouth?
- Levator labii superioris - Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi - Levator anguli oris - Zygomaticus minor - Zygomaticus major - Risorious - Depressor labii iferioris - Depressor angle oris - Mentalis - Orbicularis oris - Buccinator
43
Describe the Levator labii superioris
ORIGIN: along lower part of orbit from maxilla and zygomatic bones INSERTION: upper lip between LEVATORS ANGULI ORIS and LABII SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE NASI INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: raises the upper lip and carries it forward
44
Describe the Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
ORIGIN: upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla INSERTION: inserts by two slips - into ALAR CARTILAGE and into upper lip with LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: raises the upper lip and dilates the nostril
45
Describe the Levator anguli oris
ORIGIN: CANINE FOSSA of the maxilla just below the INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN INSERTION: into the angle of mouth merging with ORBICULARIS ORIS, DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS and ZYGOMATICUS MAOR INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: raises the angle of the mouth and forms the nasolabial furrow
46
Describe the Zygomaticus minor
ORIGIN: lateral surface of the ZYGOMATIC BONE INSERTION: upper lip between LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS and ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: elevates the upper lip and helps form the nasolabial furrow
47
Describe the Zygomaticus major
ORIGIN: from the zygomatic bone in front of the ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL SUTURE INSERTION: into angle of mouth with LEVATOR and DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS and ORBICULARI ORIS MUSCLES INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: draws the angle of the mouth upward and backward (e.g laughing)
48
Describe the Risorius
ORIGIN: from PAROTID FASCIA over the MASSETER MUSCLE INSERTION: into the skin at the angle of the mouth INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: retracts the angle of the mouth
49
Describe the Depressor lvii inferioris
ORIGIN: OBLIQUE LINE of MANDIBLE between the SYMPHYSIS MENTI and the MENTAL FORAMEN INSERTION: into lower lip and at midline blending with muscle from the other side INNERVATION: mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: draws the lower lip downward and a bit laterally
50
Describe the Depressor anguli oris
ORIGIN: from OBLIQUE LINE of MANDIBLE, lateral and below DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS INSERTION: into the angle of the mouth blending with ORBICULARIS ORIS and RISORIUS INNERVATION: mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: draws angle of mouth down and laterally (e.g sad expression)
51
Describe the Mentalis
ORIGIN: from the INCISIVE FOSSA of the mandible INSERTION: into the skin of the chin INNERVATION: mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: - raises and protrudes lower lip - wrinkles chin (e.g expression of doubt or disdain)
52
Describe the Orbicularis oris
ORIGIN: fibers derived from other facial muscles pass into lips and some intrinsic muscles make up orbicularis oris INSERTION: several strata of muscle fibers form a SPINCHTER-LIKE muscle with fibers that intersect at the angles of the mouth INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: - closes the lips - deep fibers can press the lips against the teeth - protrudes the lips - important in speech
53
Describe the Buccinator
ORIGIN: alveolar process of the mandible and maxilla; posteriorly it arises from the PTERYGOMANDIBULAR RAPHE (ridge) opposite superior constrictor INSERTION: fibers course forward to blend into the formation of the ORBICULARIS ORIS, decussating at the angles of the mouth INNERVATION: buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) ACTION: - compresses the cheeks during chewing - compresses the distended cheeks (e.g when blowing a horn)
54
What are the muscles of Mastication?
- Masseter - Temporalis - Lateral pterygoid - Medial pterygoid
55
Describe the Masseter
ORIGIN: zygomatic surface of maxilla and the zygomatic arch INSERTION: lateral surface of RAMUS MANDIBLE and the CORONOID PROCESS OF MANDIBLE INNERVATION: massteric branch of mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal cranial nerve V) ACTION: closes the jaw by elevating the mandible
56
Describe the Temporalis
ORIGIN: temporal fossa and deep surface of the temporal fascia INSERTION: medial surface of anterior border of coronoid process & anterior border of ramus of mandible INNERVATION: deep temporal branches of the mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal cranial nerve V) ACTION: - elevates mandible and closes jaw - posterior fibers retract mandible
57
Describe the Lateral pterygoid
ORIGIN: superior head - INFRATEMPORAL CREST and lateral surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone; inferior head - lateral surface of LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE of sphenoid INSERTION: neck of condyle of mandible & articular disk and capsule of TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT INNERVATION: lateral pterygoid branch of mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal cranial nerve V) ACTION: - opens mouth by drawing condyle and disc forwards - protrudes mandible
58
Describe the Medial pterygoid
ORIGIN: deep head - medial surface of LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE of sphenoid & pyramidal process of palatine bone; superficial head - pyramidal process of PALATINE BONE & tuberosity of maxilla INSERTION: lower and posterior part of MEDIAL SURFACE OF RAMUS and ANGLE OF MANDIBLE INNERVATION: medial pterygoid branch of mandibular nerve (branch of trigeminal cranial nerve V) ACTION: - elevates mandible closing jaw - acting together protrudes mandible - acting alone protrudes one side

ANATOMY (13 decks)

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