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ANATOMY > WEEK 2 (Vertebral column) > Flashcards

WEEK 2 (Vertebral column) Flashcards

1
Q

How many segments does the vertebral column contain?

A

33 segments

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2
Q

What are the four spinal curvatures?

A

Thoracic (Primary)
Sacral (Primary)
Cervical (Secondary)
Lumbar (Secondary)

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3
Q

What are the main characteristics of the vertebral column?

A
  • Extends from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx
  • Protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves
  • Supports the weight of the body superior to the level of the pelvis
  • Plays an important role in posture and locomotion
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4
Q

Before birth the spine consists of how many separate bones?

A

33

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5
Q

9 out of 33 vertebrae fuse to form the two composite bones called the __________ and the ___________ that construct the inferior portion of the vertebral column

A

Sacrum & Coccyx

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6
Q

What is the segmentation of the 33 segments in the vertebral column?

A

Cervical segment - 7 vertebrae
Thoracic segment - 12 vertebrae
Lumbar segment - 5 vertebrae
Sacral segment - 5 vertebrae
Coccygeal segment - 4 vertebrae

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7
Q

What regions are referred to as ‘Primary curvatures’ and why are they named as that?

A

Spinal curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions are referred to as primary curvatures because they are present when we are born

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8
Q

What regions are referred to as ‘Secondary curvatures’ and why are they named as that?

A

The curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions are referred to as secondary curvatures because they develop after birth

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9
Q

Define ‘Kyphosis’

A

Abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature

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10
Q

Define ‘Lordosis’

A

Anterior rotation of the pelvis producing an abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature

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11
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae

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12
Q

What motions develop the cervical and lumbar curvature after birth?

A

Lifting of the head develops the cervical curvature and walking upright develops the lumbar curvature

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13
Q

The ______________ is firmly anchored to the posterior surface of the vertebral body by two pedicles which form the lateral walls of the vertebral arch

A

Vertebral arch

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14
Q

The roof of the vertebral arch is formed by __________ and ________ __________ which fuse at the midline

A

Right & Left Laminae

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15
Q

What does the vertebral canal contain?

A
  • The Spinal Cord
  • Protective membranes
  • Blood vessels
  • Connective tissue
  • Fat
  • Proximal parts of spinal nerves
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16
Q

What is the “Body” or “Centrum”?

A

A disclike, weight-bearing part of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column

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17
Q

What is the “Vertebral arch”?

A

An arch formed from the joining of all posterior extensions, the laminae and pedicles, from the vertebral body

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18
Q

What is the “Vertebral foramen”?

A

A canal through which the spinal cord passes

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19
Q

______________ are two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

A

Transverse processes

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20
Q

___________ is a single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch

A

Spinous process

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21
Q

What are “superior articular process and inferior articular process”?

A

Paired projections lateral to vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae

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22
Q

The vertebral arches of the vertebrae canal are aligned to form what?

A

The lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal which extends from the first cervical vertebra (C1) to the last sacral vertebra (S5)

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23
Q

The “typical cervical vertebrae” go through from ____ through to ______

A

C3 to C7

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24
Q

What are the properties of the “typical cervical vertebrae”?

A
  • The smallest, lightest vertebrae
  • Spinous processes are short and divided into two branches
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25
Q

What is the smallest and lightest vertebrae?

A

Cervical vertebrae

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26
Q

The ________________ of the cervical vertebrae contain foramina (openings) through which the vertebral arteries pass on their way to the brain above

A

Transverse processes

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27
Q

What is the transverse foramen?

A

An opening that is occupied by the vertebral artery and vein

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28
Q

Which vertebra are referenced to as “Atlas and Axis”?

A

C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis

These vertebrae have the greatest range of motion

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29
Q

What is distinguishing about C1?

A

It lacks a vertebral body and articulates with the skull. It is also ring-shaped and allows the head to nod.

30
Q

Why is there no intervertebral disc between C1 and C2?

A

The vertebral body of C1 fuses onto the body of C2 during development to become the dens (Odontoid process) of C2

31
Q

Describe the anatomy of “Atlas”

A
  • Ring shaped and composed of two lateral masses
  • Each lateral mass articulates above with an occipital condyle of the skull and below with the superior articular process of the axis (C2)
  • Transverse processes are large, protrude further laterally and act as levers for muscle action
32
Q

Describe the anatomy of “Axis”

A
  • Has a large tooth-like dens which extends superiorly from the vertebral body
  • Anterior surface of the dens has an oval facet for articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas
33
Q

The 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12) are all _________

A

Typical

34
Q

Describe the anatomy of “Thoracic vertebrae”

A
  • Larger than cervical vertebrae
  • The only vertebrae to articulate with the ribs
  • The transverse processes articulate with the tubercles of the ribs
  • Spinous process is long and hooks sharply downward
35
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5 lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)

36
Q

What is distinguishable about lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • They have massive, blocklike bodies to bear the weight of the upper body
  • Larger and heavier than those of other regions for support
37
Q

The sacrum forms the posterior wall of the ________

A

Pelvis

38
Q

The sacrum is formed by the fusion of how many vertebrae?

A

5

39
Q

Each winglike Ala of the Sacrum articulates laterally with the hip bone, forming a _________ joint

A

Sacroiliac joint

40
Q

The Coccyx is formed from the fusion of __________ tiny, irregularly shaped vertebrae

A

4 or 5

41
Q

The ________________ is formed between adjacent vertebral arches and is closely related to intervertebral joints

A

Intervertebral Foramina

42
Q

What is the anatomy of the Intervertebral Foramina?

A
  • The superior and inferior margins are formed by notches in adjacent pedicles
  • The posterior margin is formed by the articular processes of the vertebral arches and the associated joint
  • The anterior border is formed by the intervertebral disc between the vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae
43
Q

What are the joints of the vertebral column?

A

Joints of vertebral bodies
Joints of vertebral arches
Craniovertebral joints
Sacroiliac joints

44
Q

What are the two major types of joints between vertebrae?

A
  • Symphyses between vertebral bodies
  • Synovial joints between articular processes
45
Q

Intervertebral discs are also known as ____________

A

Syphyses

46
Q

Describe the anatomy of “Symphyses”

A
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage on each vertebral body
  • Intervertebral disc which lies between layers
47
Q

What does the intervertebral disc consist of?

A
  • Annulus fibrosis (surrounds a central)
  • Nucleus pulposus (gelatinous and absorbs compression forces between vertebrae)
48
Q

What are ‘Zygapophysical joints’?

A

The synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae

49
Q

What is distinguishable about “Uncovertebral joints”?

A
  • Between C3 and C7
  • Synovial joints found lateral and anterior to the intervertebral foramina
50
Q

Joints between vertebrae are reinforced and supported by numerous ligaments, which pass between vertebral bodies and interconnect components of the ____________

A

Vertebral arches

51
Q

The ___________________ is attached superiorly to the base of the skull and inferiorly to the anterior surface of the sacrum

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

52
Q

The _________________ is on the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and lines the posterior surface of the vertebral canal

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

53
Q

What is attached along the length of the longitudinal ligaments?

A

Vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

54
Q

On each side of the Ligamenta Flava, from which side of laminae of adjacent vertebrae do they pass?

A

From C1 to S1

55
Q

What is the role of Ligamenta Flava?

A

Resists separation of the laminae in flexion and assists in extension back to the anatomical position

56
Q

The _________________ connects and passes along the tips of the vertebral spinous processes from vertebra C7 to the S1

A

Supraspinous ligament

57
Q

What is the role of the Supraspinous ligament?

A

It helps to limit hyperflexion of the vertebral column

58
Q

What is the name of the ligament that is attached from the skull to C7?

A

Ligamentum Nuchae

59
Q

What is the anatomy of the Ligamentum Nuchae?

A
  • Firmly attached to the external occipital protuberance and the spinous process of C7
  • A triangular, sheet-like structure in the median sagittal plane
60
Q

What is the role of the Ligamentum Nuchae?

A

Supports the head by resisting flexion and facilitates returning the head to the anatomical position

61
Q

What is the anatomy of Interspinous ligaments?

A
  • Pass between adjacent vertebral spinous processes
  • Attach from the base to the apex of each spinous process and blend with the supraspinous ligament posteriorly and the ligaments lava anteriorly on each side
62
Q

What is the role of interspinous ligaments?

A

They limit hyperflexion

63
Q

What is the function of the vertebral body?

A

It bears weight

64
Q

What is the function of vertebral processes?

A

Allow for muscle attachment

64
Q

What is the function of vertebral processes?

A

Allow for muscle attachment

65
Q

What is the function of intervertebral discs?

A
  • provides cushioning
  • prevents bones from rubbing
66
Q

What are the facets of the vertebra?

A

Each vertebra has 2 sets of facets

Superior facets connects to the vertebra above and the Inferior facets connects to the vertebra below

67
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Allow flexion and extension of the spine

68
Q

Where can the intertransverse ligament, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament and the nuchal ligament be found?

A

Intertransverse ligament = between transverse process
Interspinous ligament = between spinous process
Supraspinous ligament = from 7th vertebra to the coccyx
Nuchal ligament = from 7th vertebra to the external occipital protuberance

69
Q

The spinal cord floats in _______________ in the Dural tube

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

70
Q

Which spinal nerves fuse to form the spinal nerve?

A

Dorsal root and ventral root

ANATOMY (13 decks)

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