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ANATOMY > WEEK 7 (Lower extremities) > Flashcards

WEEK 7 (Lower extremities) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lower limbs?

A
  • locomotion
  • supporting body weight
  • maintaining balance
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2
Q

What is the Pelvic girdle?

A

a bony ring composed of the sacrum and right and left hip bones joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis

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3
Q

How are the lower limbs connected to the trunk?

A

by the Pelvic girdle

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4
Q

What are the functions of the Pelvic girdle?

A
  • connects bones of lower limbs to the axial skeleton
  • provides support for vertebral column and pelvis
  • houses lower abdominal (pelvic) organs
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5
Q

What is the difference between the False pelvis and the True pelvis?

A

The false pelvis is superior to the pelvic brim

The true pelvis is inferior to the pelvic brim

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6
Q

What is the Pelvic brim?

A

The pelvic brim defines the PELVIC INLET and is from the SACRAL PROMONTORY to the upper part of the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS

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7
Q

What is the Pelvic outlet bounded by?

A

The pubic arch, Ischia, Sacrum and Coccyx

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8
Q

Describe the Pelvic girdle for females

A
  • bones are lighter & thinner
  • false pelvis is shallow
  • pelvic cavity is wide & shallow
  • pelvic inlet round/oval
    -pelvic outlet comparatively large
  • subpubic angle is large
  • coccyx more flexible & straighter
  • ISCHIAL TUBEROSITIES more EVERTED
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9
Q

Describe the Pelvic girdle for males

A
  • bones are heavier & thicker
  • false pelvis is deep
  • pelvic cavity is narrow & deep
  • pelvic inlet heart-shaped & smaller
  • pelvic outlet comparatively small
  • subpubic angle more acute
  • coccyx less flexible, more curved
  • ISCHIAL TUBEROSITIES longer & face more medially
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10
Q

What are the different joints of the Pelvis?

A
  • Lumbosacral joint
  • Sacroiliac joint
  • Sacrococcygeal joint
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Hip joints
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11
Q

What is the Hip joint and what is its function & properties?

A

The hip joint is a joint between the HEAD OF THE FEMUR and the ACETABULUM of the pelvis

FUNCTION:
- connects the axial skeleton to the lower extremities
- supports static and dynamic weight
TYPE OF JOINT: ball and socket synovial joint
MOVEMENTS:
- flexion and extension, lateral and medial rotation, abduction, adduction
- combination of these movements result in CIRCUMDUCTION

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12
Q

What is the Articular capsule?

A

fibrous capsule that attaches to the margin of the acetabulum, the transverse acetabular ligament and the neck of the femur

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13
Q

What is the Lumbosacral joint?

A
  • located between the L5 VERTEBRA and the SACRAL PROMONTORY
  • stabilised by ILIOLUMBAR LIGAMENTS
  • site of most possible movement of the lumbar spine
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14
Q

What is the Sacroiliac joint?

A
  • located between the articular surfaces of the ILIUM and SACRUM
  • stabilised by the anterior and posterior SACROILIAC LIGAMENTS
  • synovial joint
  • transmits weight from the vertebral column to the hip bones
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15
Q

What is the Sacrococcygeal joint?

A
  • located between the SACRUM and COCCYX
  • stabilised by lateral, anterior and posterior SACROCOCCYGEAL LIGAMENTS
  • cartilaginous joint
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16
Q

What is the Pubic symphysis?

A
  • located between the pubic bones in the midline of the body
  • fibrocartilaginous or cartilaginous joint
  • compensates shear forces while walking
  • enables childbirth by partially separating the pubic bones
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17
Q

What are the major 6 regions of the lower limb?

A
  • GLUTEAL REGION
  • FEMORAL REGION
  • KNEE REGION
  • LEG REGION
  • ANKLE/TALOCRURAL REGION
  • FOOT REGION
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18
Q

What are the different lower limb bones?

A
  • HIP BONE
  • FEMUR
  • PATELLA
  • TIBIA
  • FIBULA
  • TARSALS
  • METATARSALS
  • PHALANGE
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19
Q

What are the three Coxal (hip bones) that fuse during childhood?

A
  • ILIUM (superior)
  • ISCHIUM (inferior & posterior)
  • PUBIS (inferior & anterior)
20
Q

What is the Ilium?

A

The Ilium is the most superior and largest of the three hip bones and forms the superior part of the acetabulum

Consists of the BODY (joins the pubis and ischium to the acetabulum) and the ALA (wing an iliac crest)

21
Q

What are the bony landmarks and the gluteal lines found on the Ilium?

A

BONY LANDMARKS:
- anterior superior iliac spine
- anterior inferior iliac spine
- posterior superior iliac spine
- posterior inferior iliac spine

GLUTEAL LINES:
- anterior
- inferior
- posterior

22
Q

What is the Ischium?

A

The Ischium is the postero-inferior aspect of the hip bone and acetabulum

Consists of the BODY (connects ischium to the ilium and pubis) and the RAMUS OF ISCHIUM (connects to inferior pubic ramus forming ischiopubic ramus)

23
Q

What are the bony landmarks and sciatic notches found on the Ischium?

A

BONY LANDMARKS:
- Ischial spine
- Ischial tuberosity

SCIATIC NOTCHES:
- greater
- lesser

24
Q

What is the Pubis?

A

The Pubis is the antero-lateral part of the hip bone and anterior aspect of the acetabulum

Consists of the BODY (connects the left and right pubic bones at pubic symphysis) and RAMI (superior connects to ilium and inferior forms ISCHIOPUBIC RAMUS)

25
Q

What are the bony landmarks found on the pubis?

A
  • PUBIC CREST (antero-superior boundary of pubic body)
  • PUBIC TUBERCLE (laterally on pubic crest)
  • PECTEN PUBIS (sharp raised edge forming pelvic brim)
26
Q

Describe the Head of the Femur

A
  • Anterior and posterior view is seen as LARGE and SPHERICAL
  • articulates with ACETABULUM at the hip joint
  • contains depression medially (FOVEA is the attachment site for ligament of the head)
27
Q

Describe the Neck of the Femur

A
  • Joins the HEAD to the SHAFT
  • contains GREATER and LESSER TROCHANTERS
  • anteriorly, INTERTROCHANTERIC LINE runs between the two trochanters
  • posteriorly, INTERTROCHANTERIC CREST runs between the two trochanters (smoother posteriorly)
28
Q

Describe the Shaft of the Femur

A
  • smoothly rounded on anterior surface
  • prominent double edged ridges - LINEA ASPERA (medial and lateral lips)
  • superiorly: lateral lip blends with roughened GLUTEAL TUBEROSITY & medial lip runs to lesser trochanter as PECTINEAL LINE
  • inferiorly: lateral and medial lips form LATERAL and MEDIAL SUPRACONDYLAR LINES
29
Q

Describe the distal portion of the Femur

A

FEMORAL CONDYLES
- medial and lateral condyles separated by INTERCONDYLAR FOSSA
- articulate with TIBIAL CONDYLES to form the KNEE JOINT
- ADDUCTOR tubercle located on the supero-medial aspect of medial condyle

30
Q

What is the Patella and what are its features?

A

The Patella is a large sesamoid bone which develops intratendinously after birth and is located anterior to the distal femur on the PATELLAR SURFACE

FEATURES:
- triangular in shape
- anterior surface is convex
- broad superior edge (base)
- lateral and medial border converge to form a pointed inferior edge (apex)
- posteriorly the articular surface is smooth divided by a vertical ridge

31
Q

Describe the knee joint

A

The knee joint is a complex hinge type of synovial joint made up of two components (TIBIOFEMORAL ARTICULATION and PATELLOFEMORAL ARTICULATION)

32
Q

The Tibia is larger than the _________ and is weight bearing

A

Fibula

33
Q

What articulations does the Tibia have?

A
  • superiorly the FEMORAL CONDYLES
  • inferiorly the TALUS
34
Q

Describe the Tibia proximally and distally

A

PROXIMALLY:
- medial and lateral condyles - TIBIAL PLATEAU
- separated by the INTERCONDYLAR EMINENCE

DISTALLY:
- narrow with a medial expansion (MEDIAL MALLEOLUS)
- FIBULAR NOTCH

35
Q

Describe the Fibula

A

The Fibula is attached to the TIBIA via the INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE

PROXIMALLY:
- enlarged head superior to a narrow neck
- head articulates with the articular surface on lateral surface of tibia

SHAFT:
- lateral and medial surfaces
- INTEROSSEOUS BORDER located medially

DISTALLY:
a lateral expansion called the LATERAL MALLEOLUS (articulates with TALUS of foot)

36
Q

What are the different bones of the foot?

A
  • TARSUS (7)
  • MATATARSUS (5)
  • PHALANGES (5)
37
Q

What are the names of the 7 Tarsus bones?

A
  • CALCANEUS
  • TALUS
  • NAVICULAR
  • CUBOID
  • CUNEIFORMS (medial, intermediate, lateral)
38
Q

What are the properties of the Metatarsus?

A
  • connect tarsus to phalanges
  • toe 1 is the shortest
39
Q

What are the properties of the Phalanges?

A
  • Toe 1 has two phalanges (proximal and distal)
  • Toe 2-5 have three phalanges (proximal, middle and distal)
40
Q

What are the properties of the Calcaneus?

A

CALCANEUS are the largest & strongest

ARTICULATIONS:
- superiorly with the TALUS
- anteriorly with the CUBOID
- medially SUSTENTACULUM TALI supports the TALUS
- CALCANEAL TUBEROSITY is the attachment for the CANCANEAL TENDON

41
Q

What are the properties of the Talus?

A

Include a head, neck and body

TROCHLEAR SURFACE articulates with the two MALLEOLI of TIBIA and FIBULA

42
Q

What are the properties of the NAVICULAR?

A
  • The Navicular is flattened and boat shaped
  • located between TALUS and CUNEIFORMS
  • medially located tuberosity
43
Q

What are the properties of the Cuboid?

A

Contains the CUBOID TUBEROSITY and the groove for FIBULARIS LONGUS TENDON

44
Q

What are the properties of the Cuneiforms?

A

There are three Cuneiform bones - MEDIAL, INTERMEDIATE & LATERAL

all three articulate with NAVICULAR posteriorly and the METATARSALS anteriorly

45
Q

What are the properties of the Metatarsus?

A
  • connect TARSUS to PHALANGES
  • Toe 1 is the shortest
46
Q

What are the properties of the Phalanges?

A
  • Toe 1 has two phalanges (proximal & distal)
  • Toe 2-5 have three phalanges (proximal, middle & distal)

ANATOMY (13 decks)

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