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ANATOMY > WEEK 12 (Abdominal Muscles) > Flashcards

WEEK 12 (Abdominal Muscles) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the abdominal wall bounded by?

A
  • Superiorly - Xiphoid process and costal margins
  • Posteriorly - Vertebral column
  • Inferiorly - Upper parts of the pelvic bones
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2
Q

What do the layers of the abdominal wall consist of?

A
  • Skin
  • Superficial fascia (Subcutaneous tissue)
  • Muscles and their associated deep fascias
  • Extraperitoneal fascia
  • Parietal peritoneum
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3
Q

What are the properties of the Superficial Fascia (superficial layer)?

A
  • A layer of fatty connective tissue
  • Usually a single layer but in the lower region of the abdomen it forms two layers, a SUPERFICIAL FATTY LAYER and a DEEPER MEMBRANOUS LAYER
  • Superficial fatty layer (CAMPER’S FASCIA) varies in thickness
  • In men, superficial layer continues liver the PENIS and after losing its fat and fussing with deeper layer of SUPERFICIAL FASCIA continues into the SCROTUM where it forms the DARTOS FASCIA (fascial layer containing smooth muscle)
  • In women, Superficial layer retains some fat and is a component of the LABIA MAJOR
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4
Q

What are the properties of the Superficial Fascia (deeper layer)?

A
  • Deeper membranous layer (SCARPA’S FASCIA)
  • Thin, membranous & contains little or no fat
  • Inferiorly, continues into the thigh
  • Below the inguinal ligament, fuses with deep fascia of the thigh
  • Firmly attached to the LINEA ALBA and PUBIC SYMPHYSIS in the midline
  • Continues with the anterior part of the PERINEUM where it is firmly attached to the ISCHIOPUBIC RAMI
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5
Q

Describe the 5 muscles in the anterolateral group of the abdominal wall muscles

A
  • 3 FLAT muscles whose fibers begin POSTEROLATERALLY, pass ANTERIORLY and are replaced by an APONEUROSIS as the muscle continues towards the midline
  • 2 VERTICAL muscles near the midline which are enclosed within a TENDINOUS SHEATH formed by the APONEUROSES of the flat muscles
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6
Q

What are the 5 Anterolateral abdominal muscles?

A
  • External oblique (flat)
  • Internal oblique (flat)
  • Transversus abdominis (flat)
  • Rectus abdominis (vertical)
  • Pyramidalis (vertical)
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7
Q

What are the functions of the Anterolateral muscles?

A
  • Form a firm but flexible wall that keeps the abdominal viscera within the abdominal cavity
  • Protects the viscera from injury
  • Helps maintain the position of the viscera in the erect position against the action of gravity
  • Contraction assists in expiration by pushing the viscera upward
  • Involved in any action increasing INTRAABDOMINAL PRESSURE (e.g childbirth, urination & defacation)
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8
Q

What is the External oblique muscle?

A

The most superficial of the three flat muscles in the anterolateral group of the abdominal wall

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9
Q

Describe the anatomy of the External oblique muscle

A
  • Laterally placed muscle fibers pass in an INFEROMEDIAL DIRECTION
  • APONEUROSIS component covers the anterior part of the abdominal wall to the midline
  • Approaching the midline, APONEUROSES are entwined forming the LINEA ALBA (extends from the diploid process to the pubic symphysis)
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10
Q

The lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis form the ________________ on each side

A

INGUINAL LIGAMENT

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11
Q

Describe what occurs at the thickened reinforced free edge of the external oblique aponeurosis

A

It passes between the ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE laterally and the PUBIC TUBERCLE medially. It folds under itself which plays an important role in forming the INGUINAL CANAL.

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12
Q

Describe the Lacunar Ligament

A

A crescent-shaped extension of fibers at the medial end of the inguinal ligament that pass backward to attach to the PECTEN PUBIS on the superior of the PUBIC BONE

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13
Q

Additional fibers extend from the lacunae ligament along the Pecten pubis of the pelvic brim to form the _______________________ ligament

A

PECTINEAL (COOPER’S)

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14
Q

What is the Internal Oblique muscle?

A

Second of the three flat muscles and is deep to the external oblique muscle

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15
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Internal oblique muscles?

A
  • Smaller and thinner than the external oblique muscle
  • Muscle fibers pass in a SUPEROMEDIAL DIRECTION
  • Lateral muscular components end anteriorly as an APONEUROSIS that blends into the LINEA ALBA at the midline
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16
Q

What is the Trasnversus Abdomens?

A

Deepest of the three flat muscles and is deep to the internal oblique muscle

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17
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Transversalis Fascia

A
  • Ends in an anterior aponeurosis which blends with the linea alba at the midline
  • Covered on its anterior and posterior surfaces by a layer of deep fascia
  • Layers of the Trasversalis fascia are BETTER DEVELOPED
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18
Q

What is the Rectus Abdominis?

A

A long, flat muscle and extends the length of the abdominal wall

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19
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Rectus Abdominis

A
  • Paired muscle separated in the midline by the LINEA ALBA
  • Widens and thins as it ascends from the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS to the costal margin
  • Intersected by 3 to 4 TENDINOUS INTERSECTIONS
20
Q

What is the Pyramidalis?

A

A small triangular muscle which is anterior to the rectus abdominis, has its base on the pubis and its apex attached superiorly and medially to the linea alba

21
Q

What is the Rectus Sheath?

A

An aponeurotic tendinous sheath which encloses the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles

22
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Rectus Sheath

A
  • Completely encloses the upper three quarters of the rectus abdominis and covers the anterior surface of the lower one-quarter of the muscle
  • In the lower one quarter, is in direct contact with the TRANSVERSALIS FASCIA (ARCUATE LINE)
  • In the lower one quarter, all of the APONEUROSES move anterior to the rectus muscle
  • There is no posterior wall of the Rectus sheath
23
Q

What does the anterior wall of the Rectus sheath consist of?

A

The aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique and the transverses abdominis muscles

24
Q

What is the Extraperitoneal Fascia?

A

A layer of connective tissue that is deep to the transversalis fascia which separates the transversalis fascia from the peritoneum

25
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Extraperitoneal Fascia?

A
  • Contains varying amounts of fat
  • Lines the abdominal cavity and is continuous with a similar layer lining the PELVIC CAVITY
  • Abundant on the posterior abdominal wall & continues over organs (especially kidneys)

[Viscera in the extraperitoneal fascia are referred to as RETROPERITONEAL]

26
Q

What is the Inguinal Canal?

A

A passage that extends in a downward and medial direction, just above and parallel to the lower half of the inguinal ligament. It begins at the DEEP INGUINAL RING and continues for around 4 cm ending at the SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING

27
Q

What are the contents of the Inguinal Canal?

A
  • Genital branch of the GENITOFEMORAL NERVE
  • SPERMATIC CORD in men
  • ROUND LIGAMENT OF THE UTERUS in women
28
Q

Where is the Deep inguinal ring?

A

It is situated at the beginning of the INGUINAL CANAL and is at a point midway between the SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE and the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS. It is just above the INGUINAL LIGAMENT and immediately lateral to the INFERIOR EPIGASTRIC VESSELS.

29
Q

Where is the Superficial Inguinal ring?

A

It is situated at the end of the INGUINAL RING and is superior to the PUBIC TUBERCLE. It is a triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique.

30
Q

Describe the triangular opening formed by the Superficial inguinal ring

A

BASE = PUBIC CREST
MEDIAN CRUS = PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
LATERAL CRUS = PUBIC TUBERCLE

31
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Inguinal Canal

A
  • ANTERIOR WALL = covered by the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
  • POSTERIOR WALL = covered by the transversalis fascia
  • ROOF = formed by arching fibers of the transverses abdominis and internal oblique muscles
  • FLOOR = formed by medial one-half of the inguinal ligament
32
Q

What is an Inguinal Hernia?

A

The protrusion or passage of peritoneal sac through a weakened part of the abdominal wall in the groin

33
Q

Inguinal Canal Hernias are classified as either ________________ or __________________

A

Indirect
Direct

34
Q

Describe what happens in Indirect Inguinal Hernias

A

The protruding peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal by passing through the deep inguinal ring

(Occurs because part or all of the EMBRYONIC PROCESSUS VAGINALIS remains open or patent - CONGENITAL IN ORIGIN)

35
Q

Describe what happens in Direct Inguinal Hernias

A

A peritoneal sac that enters the medial end of the inguinal canal directly through a weakened posterior wall

(Occurs when abdominal muscles are weakened - ACQUIRED)

36
Q

What are the four Posterior abdominal wall muscles?

A
  • Psoas major
  • Psoas minor
  • Quadratus lumborum
  • Iliacus
37
Q

What is the External Oblique function?

A
  • Compress abdominal contents
  • Both muscles flex trunk
  • Each muscle bends trunk to the same side
  • Turns anterior part of abdomen to the opposite side
38
Q

What is the Internal Oblique function?

A
  • Compress abdominal contents
  • Both muscles flex trunk
  • Each muscle bends trunk to the same side
  • Turns anterior part of abdomen to the same side
39
Q

What is the function of the Transversus Abdominis?

A

Compress abdominal contents

40
Q

What is the function of the Rectus abdominis?

A
  • Compress abdominal contents
  • Flex vertebral column
  • Tense abdominal wall
41
Q

What is the function of the Pyramidalis?

A

Tense the linea alba

42
Q

What is the function of the Psoas major?

A

Flexion of thigh at hip joint

43
Q

What is the functions of the Psoas minor?

A

Weak flexion of lumbar vertebral column

44
Q

What is the function of the Quadratus Lumborum?

A
  • Depresses and stabilises rib XII
  • Lateral bending of the trunk
45
Q

What is the function of the Iliacus?

A

Flexion of thigh at hip joint

ANATOMY (13 decks)

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