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ANATOMY > WEEK 5 (Thoracic skeleton) > Flashcards

WEEK 5 (Thoracic skeleton) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Thorax?

A

an irregularly shaped cylinder with a narrow opening (SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE) superiorly and a relatively large opening inferiorly (INFERIOR THORACIC APERTURE)

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2
Q

What is the difference between the superior thoracic aperture and the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

The superior thoracic aperture is open, allowing continuity with the neck whereas the inferior thoracic aperture is closed by the diaphragm

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3
Q

What is the thoracic cavity enclosed by?

A

The thoracic wall and the diaphragm

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4
Q

What are the three major compartments that the thoracic cavity is subdivided into?

A
  • A left and a right PLEURAL CAVITY (each surrounding a lung)
  • The MEDIASTINUM
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5
Q

What is the Mediastinum?

A

A thick, flexible soft tissue partition oriented longitudinally in a median sagittal position which contains the heart, oesophagus, trachea and major nerves and blood vessels

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6
Q

What are the functions of the thoracic cavity?

A
  • Breathing
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Conduit (channel through which fluid and water can flow through)
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7
Q

How is breathing an important function of the thorax?

A

The thorax contains the lungs and necessary machinery (such as the diaphragm, thoracic wall and ribs) for effectively moving air into and out of the lungs

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8
Q

Describe how the Thorax protects vital organs

A

The thorax houses and protects the heart, lungs and great vessels and because of the upward domed shape of the diaphragm, the thoracic wall also offers protection to the liver, stomach, spleen and kidneys

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9
Q

Describe how the provides a conduit

A

The mediastinum acts as a conduit for structures that pass completely through the thorax from one body region to another and for structures that connect organs in the thorax to other body regions

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9
Q

Describe how the Thorax provides a conduit

A

The mediastinum acts as a conduit for structures that pass completely through the thorax from one body region to another and for structures that connect organs in the thorax to other body regions

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10
Q

Describe the skeletal elements and muscles that make up the thoracic wall

A
  • Posteriorly 12 thoracic vertebrae and intervening intervertebral discs
  • Laterally the wall is formed by 12 ribs on each side
  • Anteriorly the wall is made up of the sternum (consists of the MANUBRIUM OF STERNUM, BODY OF STERNUM and XIPHOID PROCESS)
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11
Q

What is the function of Costal cartilage?

A

Contributes to the mobility and elasticity of the wall

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12
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Thoracic walls for all ribs

A
  • Anterior end of each rib is composed of costal cartilage
  • All ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
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13
Q

Describe the anatomy of the thoracic walls for ribs II to IX

A

These ribs have three articulations with the vertebral column
- The head of each rib articulates with the body of ITS OWN vertebra and with the body of the vertebra ABOVE
- These ribs curve posteriorly so also articulate with the transverse process of its own vertebra

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14
Q

Which ribs’ costal cartilages articulate with the Sternum?

A

I to VII

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15
Q

Which ribs’ costal cartilages articulate with the inferior margin of the costal cartilages above them?

A

VIII to X

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16
Q

Why are ribs XI and XII called ‘Floating ribs’?

A

They do not articulate with other ribs, costal cartilages or the sternum. Their costal cartilages are small, only covering their tips.

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17
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Superior thoracic aperture

A

It is completely surrounded by skeletal elements and consists of the body of the vertebra T1 posteriorly, the median margin of rib I on each side and the manubrium anteriorly

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18
Q

The superior margin of manubrium is approximately the same horizontal plane as what?

A

The intervertebral disc between vertebrae TII and TIII

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19
Q

What is the Inferior thoracic aperture?

A
  • It is large and expandable and consists of bone, cartilage and ligaments.
  • It is enclosed by the diaphragm and structures passing between the abdomen and thorax pierce or pass posteriorly to the diaphragm
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20
Q

What are the skeletal elements of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A
  • The body of veterbra T7 posteriorly
  • Rib 7 and the distal end of rib 6 posterolaterally
  • The distal cartilaginous ends of ribs 7 to 10 which unite to form the costal margin anterolaterally
  • The diploid process anteriorly
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21
Q

What do the skeletal elements of the thoracic wall consist of?

A
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
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22
Q

What are the three sites that typical thoracic vertebra articulate with the ribs?

A
  • SUPERIOR COSTAL FACET articulates with part of the head of its own rib
  • INFERIOR COSTAL FACET articulates with part of the head of the rib below
  • TRANSVERSE COSTAL FACET at the end of the transverse process articulates with the tubercle of its own rib
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23
Q

What are the different ways that vertebrae articulate with ribs?

A
  • The superior costal facets on the body of vertebra T1 are complete and articulate with a single facet on the head of its own rib
  • Vertebra T10 articulates only with its own ribs and therefore lacks inferior demifacets on the body
  • Vertebra T11 and T12 articulate only with the heads of their own ribs so lack transverse costal facets and have only a single facet on each side of their bodies
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24
Q

Which ribs have costal cartilages that articulate directly with the Sternum and therefore are called “True ribs”?

A

The upper seven ribs

25
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

26
Q

Describe the remaining five pairs of ribs called “False ribs”

A
  • Costal cartilages of ribs 8 to 10 articulate anteriorly with the costal cartilages of the ribs above
  • Ribs 11 and 12 have no anterior connection with other ribs or with the sternum and are called floating ribs
27
Q

Describe a “typical rib”

A
  • consists of a curved shaft with anterior and posterior ends
  • anterior end is continuous with its costal cartilage
  • posterior end articulates with the vertebral column and is characterised by a head, neck and tubercle
28
Q

What is the ‘Head’ in a typical rib?

A

It is somewhat expanded and typically presents two articular surfaces separated by a crest

29
Q

What is the ‘Neck’ in a typical rib?

A

A short flat region of bone that separates the head from the tubercle

30
Q

In a typical rib, the smaller ______________________ articulates with the inferior costal facet on the body of the vertebra above, whereas the larger _______________________ articulates with the superior costal facet of its own vertebra

A

superior surface

inferior facet

31
Q

Where does the Tubercle project from?

A

The junction of the neck with the shaft

32
Q

What regions does the Tubercle consist of?

A
  • The ARTICULAR part is medial and has an oval facet for articulation with corresponding facet on the transverse process of the associated vertebra
  • The raise NONARTICULAR part is roughened by ligament attachments
33
Q

The ________ is generally thin and flat with internal and external surfaces

A

Shaft

34
Q

What is the difference between the superior margin and the inferior margin?

A

The superior margin is smooth and rounded whereas the inferior margin is sharp

35
Q

The shaft bends forward just laterally to the tubercle at a site called the ___________

A

Angle

36
Q

The inferior margin of the internal surface is marked by a distinct __________________

A

Costal groove

37
Q

What are the distinct features of Rib 1?

A
  • Flat in the horizontal plane and has broad superior and inferior surfaces
  • Slopes inferiorly to its attachment to the manubrium of the sternum
  • The head articulates only with the body of there T1 vertebra so has only one articular surface
  • Has a facer for articulation with the transverse process
  • Superior surface of the rib has a distinct tubercle (SCALENE TUBERCLE) which separates the two smooth grooves that cross the rib approximately midway along the shaft
  • Anterior groove is caused by the subclavian vein and the posterior groove is caused by the subclavian artery
38
Q

What are the distinct features of Rib 2?

A
  • Flat
  • Twice as long as rib 1
  • Articulates with the vertebral column in a typical way of most ribs
39
Q

What are the distinct features of Rib 10?

A

The head of rib X has a single facet for articulation with its own vertebra

40
Q

What are the distinct features of Rib 11 and 12?

A
  • Articulate only with the bodies of their own vertebrae and have no tubercles or necks
  • Short
  • Little curve
  • Pointed anteriorly
41
Q

What are the three elements that make up the Sternum?

A
  • Broad and superiorly positioned MANUBRIUM OF THE STERNUM
  • Narrow and longitudinally oriented BODY OF THE STERNUM
  • Small and inferiorly positioned XIPHOID PROCESS
42
Q

What is the Manubrium of the sternum and what is its anatomy?

A

The manubrium of the sternum forms part of the bony framework of the neck and the thorax

  • Jugular notch in the midline of superior surface
  • Either side of notch is a large oval fossa for articulation with the clavicle
  • Inferior to large oval fossa is a facet for the attachment of the first costal cartilage
  • Lower end of the lateral border is a demifacet for articulation with the upper half of the anterior end of the second costal cartilage
43
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Body of sternum

A
  • Flat
  • Lateral margin of the body of the sternum have articular facets for costal cartilages
  • Superiorly, Each lateral margin has a demifacet for articulation with the inferior aspect of the second costal cartilage
  • Inferior, four facets for articulation with the costal cartilages of ribs III to VI
  • At the inferior end of the body of the sternum is a demifacet for articulation with the upper demifacet on the seventh costal cartilage
  • Inferior end of the body of the sternum is attached to the diploid process
44
Q

What is the Xiphoid process?

A

The smallest part of the sternum that can have variable shapes (wide, thin, pointed, bifid, curved or perforated). On each side of its upper lateral margin is a demifacet for articulation with the inferior end of the seventh costa cartilage

45
Q

What do typical ribs articulate with?

A
  • The bodies of adjacent vertebrae (forming a joint with the head of the rib)
  • The transverse process of its related vertebra (forming a costotransverse joint)
46
Q

What are Costovertebral joints?

A

Joints that connect the ribs to the vertebral column

47
Q

What do the two facets on the head of the rib articulate with?

A

The superior facet on the body of its own vertebra and with the inferior facet on the body of the vertebra above

48
Q

The costovertebral joint is divided into two synovial compartments by an ________________ ligament, which separates the two articular surfaces on the head of the rib

A

Intraarticular

49
Q

The two _____________ compartments and their intervening ligament are surrounded by a single joint capsule attached to the outer margins of the combined articular surfaces of the head and vertebral column

A

Synovial

50
Q

What are Costotransverse joints?

A

synovial joints between the tubercle of a rib and the transverse process of related vertebra. The capsule surrounding each joint is thin.

51
Q

What are the Costotransverse joints stabilised by?

A

Two strong extracapsular ligaments that span the space between the transverse process and the rib on the medial and lateral sides of the joint

52
Q

What is the costotransverse ligament?

A

A ligament medial to the joint and attaches the neck of the rib to the transverse process

53
Q

What is the lateral costotransverse ligament?

A

A ligament lateral to the joint and attaches the tip of the transverse process to the roughened nonarticular part of the tubercle of the rib

54
Q

What is the superior costotransverse ligament?

A

A ligament that attaches the superior surface of the neck of the rib to the transverse process of the vertebra above

55
Q

What are the Sternocostal joints?

A

Joints between the upper seven costal cartilages and the sternum

56
Q

Describe the joint between rib 1 and the Manubrium

A
  • Not synovial
  • consists of fibrocartilaginous connection between the manubrium and the costal cartilage
57
Q

Describe the second to seventh joints between the ribs and the Manubrium

A
  • Synovial
  • Thin capsules reinforced by surrounding sternocostal ligaments
58
Q

Where is the Intraarticular ligament found and what is its function?

A

The intraarticular ligament is found between the two compartments of the joint between the second costal cartilage and the sternum

This ligament attaches the second costal cartilage to the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum

59
Q

Where can Interchondral joints be found?

A

Interchondral joints occur between the costal cartilages of adjacent ribs (mainly between the costal cartilages of ribs VII to X)

They are usually synovial and the thin fibrous capsules are reinforced by interchondral ligaments

60
Q

What is the function of Interchondral joints?

A
  • provide indirect anchorage to the sternum
  • contribute to the formation of a smooth inferior costal margin
61
Q

What are the Manubriosternal and Xiphisternal joints?

A

Manubriosternal joint = between the manubrium and the body of the sternum

Xiphisternal joint = between the body of the sternum and the typhoid process

These are cartilaginous joints (symphysis) where only thin layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces. These joints become ossified (turn into bone) with age.

ANATOMY (13 decks)

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