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ANATOMY > WEEK 1 (skeletal and integumentary system) > Flashcards

WEEK 1 (skeletal and integumentary system) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the different anatomical planes?

A

Coronal planes, sagittal planes and transverse, horizontal or axial planes

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2
Q

What is the skeletal system divided into?

A

Axial and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A

Cartilage and bone

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4
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A
  • bones of the skull (cranium)
  • vertebral column
  • ribs
  • sternum
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5
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs

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6
Q

Define ‘cartilage’

A

A resilient, semirigid, avascular type of connective tissue that forms part of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary

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7
Q

What are the functions of cartilage?

A
  • Supports soft tissues
  • Provides a smooth, gliding surface for bone articulations and joints
  • Enables development and growth of long bones
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8
Q

Name the two types of bone

A

compact bone and spongey bone

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9
Q

Describe the construction of bone

A

A superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongey bone and are covered externally by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum

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10
Q

What is a bone?

A

A calcified, living, connective tissue that forms the majority of a skeleton. It consists of an intracellular calcified matrix which also contains collagen fibres and several types of cells within the matrix

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11
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A
  • Support structures of the body
  • Protects vital organs
  • Reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus
  • Levers on which muscle act to produce movement
  • Containers for blood-producing cells
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12
Q

What are all bones derived from?

A

Mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)

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13
Q

What occurs during bone development?

A

In the mid region of the bone model, the cartilage calcifies and perinatal capillaries grow into the calcified cartilage of the bone model and supply its interior

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14
Q

Define what a ‘compact bone’ is

A

Dense bone that forms the outer shell of all bones and surrounds spongy bone

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15
Q

Define what is meant by ‘spongey bone’

A

Consists of spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood-forming cells

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16
Q

List all the other different types of bone

A
  • Long bones (tubular)
  • Short bones (cuboidal)
  • Flat bones (consist of two compact bone plates separated by a spongey bone)
  • Irregular bones (various shapes)
  • Sesamoid bones (round or oval bones that develop into tendons)
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17
Q

What are ‘bone markings’?

A

Where tendons, ligaments fascia are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones

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18
Q

Define what a ‘joint’ is

A

Sites where two skeletal elements come together. Joints are skeletal elements separated by a cavity (synovial joint) or there is no cavity and the components are held together by connective tissue (solid joint)

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19
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Connections between skeletal components where the elements involved are separated by a narrow articular cavity

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20
Q

What are synovial joints based on?

A

Articular surfaces and movement

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21
Q

What are the two types of synovial joints?

A

Saddle joints and Ball and socket joints

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22
Q

What is the difference between “saddle joints” and “Ball and socket joints”?

A

Saddle joints allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other and the articular surfaces are saddle shaped whereas Ball and socket joints permit movement around multiple axes

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23
Q

What are solid joints?

A

Connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together either by fibrous connective tissue or by cartilage (movement at these joints are more restricted than at synovial joints)

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24
Q

What do fibrous joints include?

A

Sutures, Gomphoses and Syndesmoses

25
Q

What are the differences between sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses?

A
  • SUTURES are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue called a sutural ligament and occur only in the skull
  • GOMPHOSES occur only between the teeth and adjacent bone
  • SYNDESMOSES are joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament
26
Q

What does the Integumentary system (Skin and its Appendages) do?

A
  • provides protection
  • containment
  • heat regulation
  • sensation
  • synthesis
  • storage of vitamin D
27
Q

What system consists of an epidermis and a dermis?

A

The integumentary system

28
Q

What is the difference between the ‘Epidermis’ and ‘Dermis’?

A

Epidermis: Layered epithelium with a tough outer surface composed of keratin, outer layer continuously sheds which renews epidermis every 25 to 45 days, avascular and is nourished by the vessels in the underlying dermis
Dermis: Formed by a dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibres which provide skin tone and account for strength and toughness of skin, deep layer contains hair follicles with associated smooth arrestor muscles and sebaceous glands

29
Q

What is ‘Subcutaneous tissue’?

A

Composed of loose connective tissue and fat, located between dermis and underlying deep fascia, provides most of the body’s fat storage

30
Q

What are the different terms of laterality?

A

Bilateral = paired structures having right and left members
Unilateral = occurring on one side only
Ipsilateral = occurring on the same side of the body (e.g right thumb & right toe)
Contralateral = occurring on the opposite side of the body

31
Q

What is the difference between Dorsal Cavity and Ventral Cavity?

A

The Dorsal Cavity consists of the Cranial and Spinal cavity whereas the Ventral Cavity consists of the superior Thoracic Cavity and the inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity

32
Q

Who is the 16th century father of modern anatomy?

A

Andreas Vesalius

33
Q

What are the terms to describe the “front” and “back” of the body?

A

Anterior (ventral) and Posterior (dorsal)

34
Q

What do the terms “median” and “lateral” describe?

A

The position of structures relative to the median saggital plane and the side of the body

35
Q

What are the terms used to describe the structures in reference to the vertical axis of the body?

A

Superior and Inferior

36
Q

___________ and ___________ are used with reference to being closer to or farther from a structure’s origin

A

Proximal & Distal

37
Q

What does the term “cranial” mean?

A

Towards the head

38
Q

What does the term “Caudal” mean?

A

Towards the tail

39
Q

_________ is used to describe the position of a structure with reference to the nose

A

Rostral

40
Q

Define ‘posterior’

A

Behind or the back part of the structure

41
Q

What is anatomy and what are the two types?

A

The study of the structures of the human body

Gross anatomy (Macroscopic) and Histology (Microscopic)

42
Q

What are the two approaches to studying anatomy?

A

Regional and Systemic

43
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of its structures

44
Q

Describe in full the anatomical position

A

The body is standing upright with feet together hands by the side and face looking forward. The mouth is closed and the facial expression is neutral. The rim of bone under the eyes is in the same horizontal plane as the top of the opening to the ear and the eyes are open and focused on something in the distance. Palms of hands are facing forwards with fingers straight and together and with the pad of the thumb turned 90 degrees to the pads of the fingers.

45
Q

How do the coronal planes divide the body?

A

The coronal planes divide the body vertically separating the anterior and posterior

46
Q

How do the sagittal planes divide the body?

A

The sagittal planes divide the body vertically. Separating the left from the right.

47
Q

What is the median sagittal plane?

A

The plane that divides the body vertically separating the left from the right into equal parts

48
Q

How do transverse planes divide the body?

A

Transverse planes divide the body horizontally separating the superior from the inferior

49
Q

How do horizontal planes divide the body?

A

Horizontal planes divide the body horizontally. Separating the superior and inferior.

50
Q

How do axial planes divide the body?

A

Axial planes divide the body horizontally separating the superior and inferior

51
Q

Define ‘Anterior’

A

In front of or the front part of a structure

52
Q

Define ‘Ventral’

A

In front of or the front part of a structure

53
Q

Define ‘ventral’

A

In front of or the front part of the structure

54
Q

Define ‘Medial’

A

Term used to show closeness in proximity to the median sagittal plane

55
Q

Define ‘Lateral’

A

Term used to describe a structure as being further from the Median Sagittal Plane or towards the outer edge of the body

56
Q

Define ‘Superior’

A

Describes structures in reference to the vertical axis. Superior being higher.

57
Q

Define ‘Inferior’

A

Term used to describe a structure as being below or towards the bottom of the body

58
Q

Define ‘Caudal’

A

Term used to describe a structure as being below something or closer to the bottom of the body when viewed from the anatomical position

ANATOMY (13 decks)

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