Week 8 - Intro to nervous system Flashcards
What is one of the basic functions of the nervous system? A) Motor output B) Digestive processing C) Hormonal regulation D) Cellular respiration
A) Motor output
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing information? A) Peripheral Nervous System B) Central Nervous System C) Somatic Nervous System D) Autonomic Nervous System
B) Central Nervous System
What type of neurons transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS? A) Motor neurons B) Interneurons C) Sensory neurons D) Multipolar neurons
C) Sensory neurons
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for: A) Rest and digest activities B) Preparing the body for stress C) Muscle control D) Sensory input
B) Preparing the body for stress
What structure in a motor neuron receives signals from other neurons? A) Axon B) Dendrites C) Myelin sheath D) Axon terminals
B) Dendrites
Which glial cells are responsible for producing myelin in the CNS? A) Microglia B) Schwann cells C) Astrocytes D) Oligodendrocytes
D) Oligodendrocytes
What is the primary role of Schwann cells? A) Regulate nutrient exchange B) Produce myelin sheaths C) Clear debris D) Line the brain’s ventricles
B) Produce myelin sheaths
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around: A) 0 mV B) -70 mV C) -40 mV D) +30 mV
B) -70 mV
Which of the following describes a graded potential? A) All or nothing response B) Long-distance signal C) Varies in amplitude D) Always the same
C) Varies in amplitude
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump? A) To increase potassium concentration inside the cell B) To maintain ion concentration gradients C) To decrease sodium concentration outside the cell D) To facilitate neurotransmitter release
B) To maintain ion concentration gradients
What do action potentials travel along? A) Dendrites B) Axon C) Myelin sheath D) Cell body
B) Axon
In which type of synapse do neurotransmitters cross a synaptic cleft? A) Electrical synapse B) Chemical synapse C) Gap junctions D) Neuronal circuit
B) Chemical synapse
What type of neurotransmitter is glutamate classified as? A) Inhibitory B) Excitatory C) Modulatory D) Hormonal
B) Excitatory
Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory and found in the CNS? A) Acetylcholine B) Dopamine C) GABA D) Norepinephrine
C) GABA
The primary role of astrocytes in the CNS includes: A) Producing myelin B) Immune defense C) Nutrient regulation D) Electrical conduction
C) Nutrient regulation
Which division of the PNS controls voluntary muscle movement? A) Autonomic nervous system B) Sympathetic division C) Somatic nervous system D) Sensory division
C) Somatic nervous system
What happens during depolarization of a neuron? A) Membrane potential becomes more negative B) Membrane potential becomes less negative C) Membrane potential remains the same D) Membrane potential becomes zero
B) Membrane potential becomes less negative
Which type of neurons connect sensory and motor neurons? A) Sensory neurons B) Motor neurons C) Interneurons D) Unipolar neurons
C) Interneurons
What is the primary component of the myelin sheath in the PNS? A) Oligodendrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Astrocytes D) Microglia
B) Schwann cells
What type of receptors are responsible for initiating a second-messenger pathway? A) Ionotropic B) Metabotropic C) Electrical D) Mechanical
B) Metabotropic
What is a characteristic of bipolar neurons? A) Multiple axons B) One axon and one dendrite C) Many dendrites D) Single process that splits into two branches
B) One axon and one dendrite
The main effect of the parasympathetic division is to: A) Increase heart rate B) Prepare for fight or flight C) Promote rest and digest D) Increase respiration rate
C) Promote rest and digest
Which ions are more concentrated inside a neuron at resting potential? A) Sodium B) Potassium C) Chloride D) Calcium
B) Potassium
How does temperature affect nerve conduction speed? A) Colder temperatures increase speed B) Colder temperatures decrease speed C) Temperature has no effect D) Warmer temperatures slow down conduction
B) Colder temperatures decrease speed
What are gap junctions primarily involved in? A) Chemical transmission B) Electrical transmission C) Ion exchange D) Nutrient flow
B) Electrical transmission
Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle contraction? A) Norepinephrine B) Acetylcholine C) Dopamine D) Serotonin
B) Acetylcholine
What is a unique feature of unipolar neurons? A) Found in the retina B) Single process that splits C) Many dendrites D) Rare in the human body
B) Single process that splits
Which of the following describes action potential propagation in myelinated axons? A) Continuous conduction B) Saltatory conduction C) Graded potential D) Electrical conduction
B) Saltatory conduction
What happens during hyperpolarization? A) Membrane potential decreases B) Membrane potential becomes more negative C) Membrane potential stabilizes D) Membrane potential increases
B) Membrane potential becomes more negative
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation and sleep? A) Norepinephrine B) Serotonin C) Dopamine D) GABA
B) Serotonin
What is the role of microglia in the CNS? A) Produce myelin B) Provide structural support C) Act as immune cells D) Regulate nutrient exchange
C) Act as immune cells
Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses? A) Dendrites B) Cell body C) Axon D) Myelin sheath
C) Axon
What kind of potential is initiated by chemical signals from neurotransmitters? A) Action potential B) Graded potential C) Resting potential D) Threshold potential
B) Graded potential
The primary effect of inhibitory neurotransmitters is to: A) Depolarize the neuron B) Hyperpolarize the neuron C) Activate the sodium-potassium pump D) Facilitate action potentials
B) Hyperpolarize the neuron
Which glial cell type helps maintain the blood-brain barrier? A) Oligodendrocytes B) Astrocytes C) Microglia D) Satellite cells
B) Astrocytes
What structure at the end of the axon releases neurotransmitters? A) Dendrites B) Cell body C) Axon terminals D) Myelin sheath
C) Axon terminals
The primary role of the sodium-potassium pump is to: A) Facilitate signal transmission B) Maintain ion concentration gradients C) Produce ATP D) Enhance neurotransmitter release
B) Maintain ion concentration gradients
What is the function of the ependymal cells in the CNS? A) Produce myelin B) Produce CSF C) Clear debris D) Regulate nutrient exchange
B) Produce CSF
They line the ventricals of the brain
The primary difference between electrical and chemical synapses is: A) Speed of transmission B) Direction of transmission C) Type of signal transmitted D) Structure of the synapse
A) Speed of transmission
Which of the following is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter? A) GABA B) Glycine C) Acetylcholine D) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
What effect does the sodium-potassium pump have on resting membrane potential? A) Decreases negativity B) Increases negativity C) Stabilizes at -70 mV D) Fluctuates the potential
C) Stabilizes at -70 mV
What type of receptors directly open ion channels upon neurotransmitter binding? A) Ionotropic receptors B) Metabotropic receptors C) G-protein coupled receptors D) Voltage-gated receptors
A) Ionotropic receptors
What is the primary role of the dendrites in a neuron? A) Transmit signals away from the cell body B) Integrate incoming signals C) Support the neuron D) Release neurotransmitters
B) Integrate incoming signals
How does an action potential differ from a graded potential? A) Graded potentials travel longer distances B) Action potentials vary in amplitude C) Action potentials are all-or-nothing D) Graded potentials do not decay
C) Action potentials are all-or-nothing
Which of the following is a primary function of the nervous system? A) Energy production B) Integration C) Hormone secretion D) Nutrient absorption
B) Integration
What is the primary role of astrocytes in the central nervous system? A) Insulating axons B) Immune defense C) Structural support D) Nutrient absorption
C) Structural support
Which of the following neurons is responsible for transmitting impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS? A) Motor neurons B) Interneurons C) Sensory neurons D) Multipolar neurons
C) Sensory neurons
What is the resting membrane potential typically measured at in a neuron? A) +30 mV B) -70 mV C) 0 mV D) -90 mV
B) -70 mV
Which glial cell type is involved in the production of myelin in the peripheral nervous system? A) Oligodendrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Satellite cells D) Astrocytes
B) Schwann cells
What is the primary difference between graded potentials and action potentials? A) Graded potentials are all-or-nothing responses B) Graded potentials can vary in amplitude C) Graded potentials always travel long distances D) Graded potentials occur only in axons
B) Graded potentials can vary in amplitude
Which type of neurotransmitter receptor directly opens ion channels upon binding? A) Ionotropic receptors B) Metabotropic receptors C) G-protein coupled receptors D) Second-messenger receptors
A) Ionotropic receptors
What effect does the sodium-potassium pump have on neuronal resting potential? A) It decreases intracellular sodium B) It increases intracellular potassium C) It establishes concentration gradients D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What characterizes a chemical synapse? A) Direct flow of ions between cells B) Release of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft C) Bidirectional signal transmission D) None of the above
B) Release of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft
Which of the following ions has a higher concentration inside the neuron at resting membrane potential? A) Sodium (Na⁺) B) Potassium (K⁺) C) Calcium (Ca²⁺) D) Chloride (Cl⁻)
B) Potassium (K⁺)
