Week 8 - Emerging adulthood (B) - Cognitive + emotional and social Development

Question 1

post-formal thinking

Answer 1

according to some theorists, the stage of cognitive development that follows formal operations and includes advances in pragmatism and reflective judgment

Question 2

pragmatism

Answer 2

theory of cognitive development proposing that post-formal thinking involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations

Question 3

According to Gisela Labouvie-Vief, cognitive development in emerging adulthood is distinguished from adolescent thinking by a greater recognition and incorporation of practical limitations to logical thinking. In this view, _______exaggerate the extent to which logical thinking will be effective in real life.

Answer 3

adolescents

Question 4

dialectical thought

Answer 4

according to Basseches, a kind of thinking in emerging adulthood that involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and two opposing strategies or points of view may each have some merit

Question 5

reflective judgment

Answer 5

capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments, theorised to develop during emerging adulthood

Question 6

Reflective judgment begins to develop for most people around age ____.

Answer 6

20

Question 7

multiple thinking

Answer 7

belief that there are two or more legitimate views of every issue, and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the only true or accurate one.

Question 8

Dualistic thinking

Answer 8

effectively believing there’s a right or wrong view

Question 9

Relativism (according to Perry)

Answer 9

Like multiple thinking, but also assesses merits of views

Question 10

tertiary educatio

Answer 10

includes any kind of education or training program beyond secondary school.

Question 11

A number of factors explain why it takes students longer to graduate and why nearly half never graduate at all:

Answer 11

Some students prefer to extend their university years to switch majors, add a minor field of study or take advantage of internship programs or study-abroad programs.

financial concerns are the main reason that a 4-year degree is so elusive for many American emerging adults

Question 12

six basic skills are necessary for success at jobs (available to highschool-only graduates) new jobs:

Answer 12

reading at a 9th-grade (Year 9) level or higher
doing maths at a 9th-grade (Year 9) level or higher
solving semi-structured problems
communicating orally and in writing
using a computer for word processing and other tasks
collaborating in diverse groups.

Question 13

identity versus role confusion

Answer 13

in Erikson’s theory, the crisis of adolescence, with two alternative paths, establishing a clear and definite identity or experiencing role confusion, which is a failure to form a stable and secure identity

Question 14

There are three elements essential to developing an identity, according to Erikson:

Answer 14

First, adolescents assess their own abilities and interests.

Second, adolescents reflect on the identifications they have accumulated in childhood

Third, adolescents assess the opportunities available to them in their society.

Question 15

Marcia constructed a measure called the Identity Status Interview that classified adolescents into one of four identity statuses:

Answer 15

diffusion,
moratorium,
foreclosure or
achievement.

Question 16

identity status model

Answer 16

model for researching Erikson’s theory of identity development, classifying identity development into four categories: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium or achievement

Question 17

Difference between identity ‘crisis’ and ‘exploration’

Answer 17

‘Crisis’ implies that the process inherently involves anguish and struggle, whereas ‘exploration’ implies a more positive investigation of possibilities.

Question 18

Diffusion

Answer 18

no exploration with no commitment.

For adolescents in a state of identity diffusion, no commitments have been made among the choices available to them. Furthermore, no exploration is taking place. The person in this status is not seriously attempting to sort through potential choices and make enduring commitments.

Question 19

Moratorium involves

Answer 19

exploration but no commitment.

This is a status of actively trying out different personal, occupational and ideological possibilities. Different possibilities are being sifted through, with some being discarded and some selected, in order for adolescents to be able to determine which of the available possibilities are best suited to them.

Question 20

Adolescents who are in the foreclosure status

Answer 20

have not experimented with a range of possibilities but have nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices—commitment, but no exploration.

This is often a result of their parents’ strong influence. Marcia and most other scholars tend to see exploration as a necessary part of forming a healthy identity, and therefore see foreclosure as unhealthy. This is an issue we will discuss further shortly.

Question 21

Achievement.

Answer 21

combines exploration and commitment

Identity achievement is the status of young people who have made definite personal, occupational and ideological choices. By definition, identity achievement is preceded by a period of identity moratorium in which exploration takes place. If commitment takes place without exploration, it is considered identity foreclosure rather than identity achievement.

Question 22

by early emerging adulthood, less than half are classified as having reached ____ _____ (identity status)

Answer 22

identity achievement

Question 23

bicultural identity

Answer 23

identity with two distinct facets; for example, one for the local culture and one for the global culture, or one within one’s ethnic group and one for others

Question 24

Four ethnic identity statuses

Answer 24

Assimilation ‘I don’t really think of myself as an Asian New Zealander, just as a New Zealander.’

Seperation ‘I am not part of two cultures. I am just Black.’

Marginality ‘When I’m with my Indian friends, I feel White, and when I’m with my White friends, I feel Indian. I don’t really feel like I belong with either of them.’

Biculturalism ‘Being both Vietnamese and Australian means having the best of both worlds. You have different strengths you can draw from in different situations.’

Question 25

Four categories of religiousity in emerging adults

Answer 25

Agnostics/atheists (40%).

Deists (15%) - Emerging adults in this category believe that there is ‘something out there’, a God or spiritual force of some kind, but beyond this they are not sure what to believe.

Liberal believers (30%) - take what they want and ignore the rest.

Conservative believers (15%) - hold to a traditional, conservative faith.

Question 26

“A key part of emerging adulthood involves moving away from one’s family, not just geographically, but also socially and emotionally, and towards a new love partner, in marriage or another long-term romantic partnership” - this process is called

Answer 26

‘re-centring’