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Developmental Psychology > Week 6 - Middle Childhood > Flashcards

Week 6 - Middle Childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

cultural models

A

cognitive structures pertaining to common cultural activities

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2
Q

In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace, about __ - __ cm per year in height and about _____ - _____kg per year in weight

A

5–8 cm

2.5–3 kg

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3
Q

Of all age groups in the life span, ____ to ____-year-olds have the lowest body mass index (BMI), a measure of the ratio of weight to height

A

6- to 10

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4
Q

During middle childhood, both boys and girls grow stronger. For example, the average ___-year-old can throw a ball twice as far as the average ___-year-old.

A

10

6

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5
Q

What do children aged 6-12 lose?

A

their baby teeth

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6
Q

Hearing often ______because the tube in the inner ear that is the site of ear infections in toddlerhood and early childhood has now matured and is longer and narrower than it was before

A

improves

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7
Q

myopia

A

visual condition of being unable to see distant objects clearly; also known as being nearsighted

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8
Q

Children advance in both ______ and _____ development during middle childhood, nearly reaching maturity in their ____ motor abilities.

A

gross and fine motor
fine

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9
Q

Increasing myelination of the ___________ connecting the two hemispheres of the brain accelerates reaction time in middle childhood for both gross motor and fine motor tasks

A

corpus callosum

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10
Q

executive function

A

the ability to solve cognitive problems without becoming distracted and to adjust one’s strategy as the nature of a problem changes

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11
Q

Not many ____to____year-olds can tie their shoelaces successfully, but nearly all ___to___year-olds can.

A

3- or 4-

8- to 9-

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12
Q

Malnutrition that begins after age ___ does not appear to result in permanent cognitive or behavioural deficits.

A

age 3

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13
Q

overweight

A

in children, defined as having a BMI exceeding 18

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14
Q

obesity

A

in children, defined as having a BMI exceeding 21

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15
Q

asthma

A

chronic illness of the lungs characterised by wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath

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16
Q

concrete operations

A

in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive stage in which children become capable of using mental operations

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17
Q

At what age is Piaget’s cognitive stage?

A

7-11

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18
Q

seriation

A

ability to arrange things in a logical order, such as shortest to longest, thinnest to thickest, or lightest to darkest

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19
Q

T/F Piaget didn’t claim that teaching children the principles of concrete operations would not work because their grasp of the principles of the stage has to occur naturally as part of their interaction with their environment

A

F

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20
Q

Due to increased myelination in the brain, especially of the _________ connecting the two hemispheres, speed of __________ increases

A

corpus callosum

processing information

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21
Q

In middle childhood, children become more apt at which kind of attention?

A

Selective

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22
Q

In middle childhood, the capacity of __________memory enlarges.

A

working

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23
Q

mnemonics (df + first learned what age stage)

A

memory strategies, such as rehearsal, organisation and elaboration

Middle childhood

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24
Q

“mnemonic that involves placing things mentally into meaningful categories” is called

A

organisation, first learned middle childhood

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25
Q

elaboration

A

involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember

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26
Q

While ____[mnemonic]____ emerges in middle childhood, it is more common by adolescence

A

elaboration

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27
Q

While ____[mnemonic]____ emerges in middle childhood, it is more common by adolescence

A

elaboration

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28
Q

metamemory

A

understanding of how memory works

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29
Q

intelligence

A

capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning and solving problems

30
Q

Most commonly used IQ test for children

A

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for ages 6–16

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPSSI) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for ages 16 and up.

31
Q

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

score of mental ability as assessed by intelligence tests, calculated relative to the performance of other people of the same age

32
Q

WISC-V verbal subtests

A

Information
General knowledge questions; for example, ‘Who wrote the Harry Potter books?’

Vocabulary
Give definitions; for example, ‘What does formulate mean?’

Similarities
Describe the relationship between two things; for example, ‘In what ways are an apple and an orange alike?’ and ‘In what ways are a book and a movie alike?’

Arithmetic
Verbal arithmetic problems; for example, ‘How many hours does it take to drive 200 km at a rate of 50 km per hour?’

Comprehension
Practical knowledge; for example, ‘Why is it important to use postcodes when you post letters?’

Digit span
Short-term memory test. Sequences of numbers of increasing length are recited and the person is required to repeat them.

33
Q

WISC-V Performance subtests

A

PERFORMANCE SUBTESTS

For all the performance tests, scores are based on speed as well as accuracy of response.

Picture arrangement
Cards depicting various activities are provided and the person is required to place them in an order that tells a coherent story.

Picture completion
Cards are provided depicting an object or scene with something missing and the person is required to point out what is missing (e.g. a dog is shown with only three legs).

Matrix reasoning
Patterns are shown with one piece missing. The person chooses from five options the one that will fill in the missing piece accurately.

Block design
Blocks are provided with two sides all white, two sides all red and two sides half red and half white. A card is shown with a geometrical pattern and the person must arrange the blocks so that they match the pattern on the card.

Digit symbol
At the top of a sheet, numbers are shown with matching symbols. Below, sequences of symbols are given with an empty box below each symbol. The person must place the matching number in the box below each symbol.

34
Q

Environmental influence (correlation effect size) for IQ:

between adopted siblings

between half siblings

between full siblings

DZ twins

MZ twins

A

0.24

0.40

0.50

slightly higher (due to environment such as womb)

0.85

35
Q

Flynn effect

A

steep rise in the median IQ score in Western countries during the 20th century, named after James Flynn, who first identified it

36
Q

theory of multiple intelligences

A

Gardner’s theory that there are eight distinct types of intelligence:

linguistic
logical–mathematical
spatial
musical
bodily–kinaesthetic
naturalist
interpersonal
intrapersonal

37
Q

triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Sternberg’s theory that there are three distinct but related forms of intelligence

Analytical intelligence
-kind of intelligence that IQ tests measure, which involves acquiring, storing, analysing and retrieving information

Creative intelligence
- the ability to combine information in original ways to produce new insights, ideas and problem-solving strategies.

Practical intelligence
-the ability to apply information to the kinds of problems faced in everyday life, including the capacity to evaluate social situations.

38
Q

At age 6, the average child knows about ____ words, but by age 10 or 11, this number has increased fourfold to about ____

A

10 000

40 000

39
Q

multilingual

A

capable of using two or more languages

40
Q

metalinguistic skills

A

in the understanding of language, skills that reflect awareness of the underlying structure of language

41
Q

Today, of course, in a globalised, information-based economy, learning to read is an essential skill for most economic activity across cultures. Consequently, children almost everywhere learn to read, usually beginning around age ___ or ____, when they enter school.

A

5 or 6

42
Q

phonics approach

A

method of teaching reading that advocates breaking down words into their component sounds, called phonics, then putting the phonics together into words

43
Q

whole-language approach

A

method of teaching reading in which the emphasis is on the meaning of written language in whole passages, rather than breaking down words into their smallest components

44
Q

Which approach is better at teaching children who are first learning to read?

A

phonics approach

45
Q

Dyslexia

A

learning disability that includes difficulty sounding out letters, difficulty learning to spell words and a tendency to misperceive the order of letters in words

46
Q

learning disabilities

A

which are cognitive disorders that impede the development of learning a specific skill such as reading or maths.

47
Q

numeracy

A

understanding the meaning of numbers

48
Q

2 examples of numeracy in non-human animals

A

Rats can be taught to discriminate between a two-tone and an eight-tone sequence, even when the sequences are matched in total duration.

Monkeys can learn that the numbers 0–9 represent different quantities of rewards.

49
Q

In the course of middle childhood, as they become more adept readers, they typically advance in their maths skills, moving from ____ and ____ to _____ and _____, and increasing their speed of processing in response to maths problems

A

addition and subtraction
multiplication and division

50
Q

In middle childhood, children become able to suppress their:

A

own true emotions

51
Q

Up until the age of ____ or ____, most children describe themselves mainly in terms of external, concrete, physical characteristics.

A

7 or 8

52
Q

social comparison

A

how people view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities or achievements

53
Q

In the 12-culture analysis same-gender play groups rose from a proportion of ____to____% at ages 2–3 to over ___% by ages 8–11. However, the same pattern is true in developed countries, where boys and girls are in the same schools engaged in the same daily activities

A

30–40%
90%

54
Q

intersex

A

general term used to describe people who biologically are not unambiguously male or female exclusively

55
Q

cisgender

A

general term used to describe people who retain the gender identity they were given at birth

56
Q

co-regulation

A

relationship between parents and children in which parents provide broad guidelines for behaviour but children are capable of a substantial amount of independent, self-directed behaviour

57
Q

family process (2 aspects)

A

the quality of the relationships between family members before, during and after the divorce

the quality of the mother–child relationship after divorce

58
Q

divorce mediation

A

arrangement in which a professional mediator meets with divorcing parents to help them negotiate an agreement that both will find acceptable

59
Q

selective association

A

in social relations, the principle that people tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves

60
Q

Abundant research indicates that the strongest influence on popularity is __________

A

social skills

61
Q

What are some influencers of popularity in middle-childhoof?

A

social skills, intelligence, appearance, (for boys) athletic ability

62
Q

___________ children are usually more aggressive than other children, and their aggressiveness leads to conflicts

A

Rejected

63
Q

social information processing (SIP)

A

in social encounters, evaluations of others’ intentions, motivations and behaviour

64
Q

bullying

A

pattern of maltreatment of peers, including aggression, repetition and power imbalance

65
Q

3 components of bullying

A

(1) aggression (physical or verbal); (2) repetition (not just one incident, but a pattern over time); and (3) power imbalance (the bully has higher peer status than the victim).

66
Q

Victims of bullying are most often __________ children who are low in self-esteem and social skills

A

rejected-withdrawn

67
Q

73 million children aged ___-___ are employed worldwide, which is about 9% of the total population of children in that age group, and 95% of working children are in developing countries

A

5–11

68
Q

media multitasking, the simultaneous use of more than one media form, such as playing an electronic game while watching television

A
69
Q

With regard to television, one analysis of 34 studies found that prosocial content in children’s television shows had positive effects on four areas of children’s functioning:

A

altruism,
positive social interactions,
self-control and
combating negative stereotypes

70
Q

Light to moderate media use is generally harmless and can even be positive, especially if the media content is educational, prosocial or at least non-violent.

A
71
Q

heavy media use is associated with a variety of problems in middle childhood, including (4):

A

obesity,
anxiety,
poor school performance
and social isolation.

Developmental Psychology (17 decks)

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