Week 6 - Middle Childhood Flashcards
cultural models
cognitive structures pertaining to common cultural activities
In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace, about __ - __ cm per year in height and about _____ - _____kg per year in weight
5–8 cm
2.5–3 kg
Of all age groups in the life span, ____ to ____-year-olds have the lowest body mass index (BMI), a measure of the ratio of weight to height
6- to 10
During middle childhood, both boys and girls grow stronger. For example, the average ___-year-old can throw a ball twice as far as the average ___-year-old.
10
6
What do children aged 6-12 lose?
their baby teeth
Hearing often ______because the tube in the inner ear that is the site of ear infections in toddlerhood and early childhood has now matured and is longer and narrower than it was before
improves
myopia
visual condition of being unable to see distant objects clearly; also known as being nearsighted
Children advance in both ______ and _____ development during middle childhood, nearly reaching maturity in their ____ motor abilities.
gross and fine motor
fine
Increasing myelination of the ___________ connecting the two hemispheres of the brain accelerates reaction time in middle childhood for both gross motor and fine motor tasks
corpus callosum
executive function
the ability to solve cognitive problems without becoming distracted and to adjust one’s strategy as the nature of a problem changes
Not many ____to____year-olds can tie their shoelaces successfully, but nearly all ___to___year-olds can.
3- or 4-
8- to 9-
Malnutrition that begins after age ___ does not appear to result in permanent cognitive or behavioural deficits.
age 3
overweight
in children, defined as having a BMI exceeding 18
obesity
in children, defined as having a BMI exceeding 21
asthma
chronic illness of the lungs characterised by wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath
concrete operations
in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive stage in which children become capable of using mental operations
At what age is Piaget’s cognitive stage?
7-11
seriation
ability to arrange things in a logical order, such as shortest to longest, thinnest to thickest, or lightest to darkest
T/F Piaget didn’t claim that teaching children the principles of concrete operations would not work because their grasp of the principles of the stage has to occur naturally as part of their interaction with their environment
F
Due to increased myelination in the brain, especially of the _________ connecting the two hemispheres, speed of __________ increases
corpus callosum
processing information
In middle childhood, children become more apt at which kind of attention?
Selective
In middle childhood, the capacity of __________memory enlarges.
working
mnemonics (df + first learned what age stage)
memory strategies, such as rehearsal, organisation and elaboration
Middle childhood
“mnemonic that involves placing things mentally into meaningful categories” is called
organisation, first learned middle childhood
elaboration
involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember
While ____[mnemonic]____ emerges in middle childhood, it is more common by adolescence
elaboration
While ____[mnemonic]____ emerges in middle childhood, it is more common by adolescence
elaboration
metamemory
understanding of how memory works
intelligence
capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning and solving problems
Most commonly used IQ test for children
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for ages 6–16
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPSSI) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for ages 16 and up.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
score of mental ability as assessed by intelligence tests, calculated relative to the performance of other people of the same age
WISC-V verbal subtests
Information
General knowledge questions; for example, ‘Who wrote the Harry Potter books?’
Vocabulary
Give definitions; for example, ‘What does formulate mean?’
Similarities
Describe the relationship between two things; for example, ‘In what ways are an apple and an orange alike?’ and ‘In what ways are a book and a movie alike?’
Arithmetic
Verbal arithmetic problems; for example, ‘How many hours does it take to drive 200 km at a rate of 50 km per hour?’
Comprehension
Practical knowledge; for example, ‘Why is it important to use postcodes when you post letters?’
Digit span
Short-term memory test. Sequences of numbers of increasing length are recited and the person is required to repeat them.
WISC-V Performance subtests
PERFORMANCE SUBTESTS
For all the performance tests, scores are based on speed as well as accuracy of response.
Picture arrangement
Cards depicting various activities are provided and the person is required to place them in an order that tells a coherent story.
Picture completion
Cards are provided depicting an object or scene with something missing and the person is required to point out what is missing (e.g. a dog is shown with only three legs).
Matrix reasoning
Patterns are shown with one piece missing. The person chooses from five options the one that will fill in the missing piece accurately.
Block design
Blocks are provided with two sides all white, two sides all red and two sides half red and half white. A card is shown with a geometrical pattern and the person must arrange the blocks so that they match the pattern on the card.
Digit symbol
At the top of a sheet, numbers are shown with matching symbols. Below, sequences of symbols are given with an empty box below each symbol. The person must place the matching number in the box below each symbol.
Environmental influence (correlation effect size) for IQ:
between adopted siblings
between half siblings
between full siblings
DZ twins
MZ twins
0.24
0.40
0.50
slightly higher (due to environment such as womb)
0.85
Flynn effect
steep rise in the median IQ score in Western countries during the 20th century, named after James Flynn, who first identified it
theory of multiple intelligences
Gardner’s theory that there are eight distinct types of intelligence:
linguistic
logical–mathematical
spatial
musical
bodily–kinaesthetic
naturalist
interpersonal
intrapersonal
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg’s theory that there are three distinct but related forms of intelligence
Analytical intelligence
-kind of intelligence that IQ tests measure, which involves acquiring, storing, analysing and retrieving information
Creative intelligence
- the ability to combine information in original ways to produce new insights, ideas and problem-solving strategies.
Practical intelligence
-the ability to apply information to the kinds of problems faced in everyday life, including the capacity to evaluate social situations.
At age 6, the average child knows about ____ words, but by age 10 or 11, this number has increased fourfold to about ____
10 000
40 000
multilingual
capable of using two or more languages
metalinguistic skills
in the understanding of language, skills that reflect awareness of the underlying structure of language
Today, of course, in a globalised, information-based economy, learning to read is an essential skill for most economic activity across cultures. Consequently, children almost everywhere learn to read, usually beginning around age ___ or ____, when they enter school.
5 or 6
phonics approach
method of teaching reading that advocates breaking down words into their component sounds, called phonics, then putting the phonics together into words
whole-language approach
method of teaching reading in which the emphasis is on the meaning of written language in whole passages, rather than breaking down words into their smallest components
Which approach is better at teaching children who are first learning to read?
phonics approach
Dyslexia
learning disability that includes difficulty sounding out letters, difficulty learning to spell words and a tendency to misperceive the order of letters in words
learning disabilities
which are cognitive disorders that impede the development of learning a specific skill such as reading or maths.
numeracy
understanding the meaning of numbers
2 examples of numeracy in non-human animals
Rats can be taught to discriminate between a two-tone and an eight-tone sequence, even when the sequences are matched in total duration.
Monkeys can learn that the numbers 0–9 represent different quantities of rewards.
In the course of middle childhood, as they become more adept readers, they typically advance in their maths skills, moving from ____ and ____ to _____ and _____, and increasing their speed of processing in response to maths problems
addition and subtraction
multiplication and division
In middle childhood, children become able to suppress their:
own true emotions
Up until the age of ____ or ____, most children describe themselves mainly in terms of external, concrete, physical characteristics.
7 or 8
social comparison
how people view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities or achievements
In the 12-culture analysis same-gender play groups rose from a proportion of ____to____% at ages 2–3 to over ___% by ages 8–11. However, the same pattern is true in developed countries, where boys and girls are in the same schools engaged in the same daily activities
30–40%
90%
intersex
general term used to describe people who biologically are not unambiguously male or female exclusively
cisgender
general term used to describe people who retain the gender identity they were given at birth
co-regulation
relationship between parents and children in which parents provide broad guidelines for behaviour but children are capable of a substantial amount of independent, self-directed behaviour
family process (2 aspects)
the quality of the relationships between family members before, during and after the divorce
the quality of the mother–child relationship after divorce
divorce mediation
arrangement in which a professional mediator meets with divorcing parents to help them negotiate an agreement that both will find acceptable
selective association
in social relations, the principle that people tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves
Abundant research indicates that the strongest influence on popularity is __________
social skills
What are some influencers of popularity in middle-childhoof?
social skills, intelligence, appearance, (for boys) athletic ability
___________ children are usually more aggressive than other children, and their aggressiveness leads to conflicts
Rejected
social information processing (SIP)
in social encounters, evaluations of others’ intentions, motivations and behaviour
bullying
pattern of maltreatment of peers, including aggression, repetition and power imbalance
3 components of bullying
(1) aggression (physical or verbal); (2) repetition (not just one incident, but a pattern over time); and (3) power imbalance (the bully has higher peer status than the victim).
Victims of bullying are most often __________ children who are low in self-esteem and social skills
rejected-withdrawn
73 million children aged ___-___ are employed worldwide, which is about 9% of the total population of children in that age group, and 95% of working children are in developing countries
5–11
media multitasking, the simultaneous use of more than one media form, such as playing an electronic game while watching television
With regard to television, one analysis of 34 studies found that prosocial content in children’s television shows had positive effects on four areas of children’s functioning:
altruism,
positive social interactions,
self-control and
combating negative stereotypes
Light to moderate media use is generally harmless and can even be positive, especially if the media content is educational, prosocial or at least non-violent.
heavy media use is associated with a variety of problems in middle childhood, including (4):
obesity,
anxiety,
poor school performance
and social isolation.
