Week 4 - Toddlerhood Flashcards
kwashiorkor
protein deficiency in childhood, leading to symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, thinning hair and swollen body, which may be fatal if not treated
micronutrients
dietary ingredients essential to optimal physical growth, including iodine, iron, zinc and vitamins A, B12, C and D
Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is
iodine
In young children, a lack of ______ inhibits cognitive development, resulting in an estimated IQ (intelligence quotient) deficiency of _______, a substantial margin.
iodine
10–15 points
the brain has only about _______ as many neurons at age 2 as it did at birth.
one half
synaptic density
density of synapses among neurons in the brain; peaks around age 3
During toddlerhood, new synapses in the frontal cortex are produced at the mind-boggling rate of _________, reaching a total by age 2 of more than ____________. The peak of synaptic density comes right at the end of _______________
2 million per second
100 trillion
toddlerhood, around the third birthday
waking in the night increased in frequency from _____ to _______ years of age
1½ to 2
On average, children begin to walk without support at about 11 months old, but there is a wide range of normal variation around this average, from about _________ months
9 to 17
By _________, most toddlers can stand (briefly) on one leg and have begun to climb
15 months
By __________, most can run, although at first they run with the same stiff-legged, wide-stance posture as they use for walking.
18 months
By ________, they can kick a ball or throw a small object, and their running has become more flexible and fluid
24 months
Milestones of gross motor development (9 steps)
AGE (MONTHS)
9–16
Stand alone
9–17
Walk without support
11–19
Stand on one leg
11–21
Climb onto chairs, beds, up stairs, etc.
13–17
Walk backwards
14–22
Run
17–30
Jump in place
16–30
Walk on tiptoes
22–36
Walk up and down stairs
Note: The range shown is the age period at which 90% of toddlers achieve the milestone.
Milestones of fine motor development in toddlerhood
Age (months)
7–15
Hold writing instrument (e.g. pencil, crayon)
8–16
Coordinate actions of both hands
10–19
Build tower of two blocks
10–21
Scribble vigorously
12–18
Feed self with spoon
15–23
Build tower of 3–4 blocks
20–28
Draw straight line on paper
24–32
Brush teeth
26–34
Build tower of 8–10 blocks
29–37
Copy circle
Most toddlers show signs of toilet-training readiness sometime between _____of age.
20 and 36 months
