Week 3 - (C) - Emotional and social development

Question 1

temperament

Answer 1

innate responses to the physical and social environment, including qualities of activity level, irritability, soothability, emotional reactivity and sociability

Question 2

Dimensions of temperament

Answer 2

Activity level
Frequency and intensity of gross motor activity

Attention span
Duration of attention to a single activity

Emotionality
Frequency and intensity of positive and negative emotional expression

Soothability
Responsiveness to attempts to soothe when distressed

Sociability
Degree of interest in others, positive or negative responses to social interactions

Adaptability
Adjustment to changes in routine

Quality of mood
General level of happy versus unhappy mood

Question 3

goodness-of-fit

Answer 3

theoretical principle that children develop best if there is a good fit between the temperament of the child and environmental demands

Question 4

primary emotions

Answer 4

most basic emotions, such as anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise and happiness

Primary emotions are all evident within the first year of life.

Question 5

secondary emotions

Answer 5

emotions that require social learning, such as embarrassment, shame and guilt;

also called sociomoral emotions because infants are not born knowing what is embarrassing or shameful but have to learn this from their social environment.

Secondary emotions develop mostly in the second year of life

Question 6

Three primary emotions are evident in the early weeks of life:

Answer 6

distress, interest and pleasure

Question 7

Gradually, in the first months of life, distress, interest and pleasure become differentiated into other primary emotions:

Answer 7

distress into anger, sadness and fear; interest into surprise; and pleasure into happiness.

Question 8

Fear develops by _____ months of age

Answer 8

6

Question 9

Sadness is rare in the first

Answer 9

year of life

Question 10

By ___ months, nearly all the infants showed a definite anger response.

Answer 10

7

Question 11

Surprise, indicated by an open mouth and raised eyebrows, is first evident about _______

Answer 11

halfway through the first year

Question 12

Finally, the development of happiness is evident in changes in infants’ smiles and laughter that take place during the

Answer 12

early months.

Question 13

social smile

Answer 13

expression of happiness in response to interacting with others, first appearing at age 2–3 months

Question 14

emotional contagion

Answer 14

in infants, crying in response to hearing another infant cry, evident beginning at just a few days old

Question 15

How soon do infants perceive other’s emotions

Answer 15

first days of life

Question 16

By __________, infants’ eyesight has improved substantially and they have begun to be able to discriminate between happy, sad and angry faces

Answer 16

2–3 months old

Question 17

social referencing

Answer 17

term for process of becoming more adept at observing others’ emotional responses to ambiguous and uncertain situations, and using that information to shape one’s own emotional responses

Question 18

common features of the infant’s social world (across cultures)

Answer 18

• Infants are with their mothers almost constantly during the early months of life.
• After about 6 months, most daily infant care is done by older girls rather than the mother.
  -Infants are among many other people in the course of a day.
  -Infants are held or carried almost constantly.
  -Fathers are usually remote or absent during the first year.

Question 19

attachment theory

Answer 19

Bowlby’s theory of emotional and social development, focusing on the crucial importance of the infant’s relationship with the primary caregiver