Week 1 Flashcards
Developed countries (as per text book)
United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, nearly all countries of Europe.
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Social class (refers to parents when focus is on adolescents), which includes educational level, income level and occupational status.
Freud’s psychosexual stages (and age periods)
Infancy - Oral
Toddlerhood - Anal
Early childhood - Phallic
Middle childhood - Latency
Adolescence - Genital
8 Stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development
- Infancy - Trust vs Mistrust:
Establish bond with a trusted caregiver - Toddlerhood - Autonomy vs shame and doubt:
Develop healthy sense of self as distict from others - Early childhood - initiative vs guilt:
Initiate activities in a purposeful way - Middle childhood - Industry vs inferiority:
Begin to learn knowledge and skills of one’s culture - Adolescence - Identity vs role confusion:
Develop a secure and coherent identity - Early adulthood - intimacy vs isolation
Establish a committed long-term love relationship - Middle adulthood - Generativity vs stagnation
Care for others and contribute to the wellbeing of the young - Late adulthood - Ego integrity vs despair
Evaluate one’s lifetime and accept it as it is
Psychosexual theory
Freud’s theory proposing that sexual desire is the driving force behind human development
What age did Freud believe the personality was complete
Age 6
Did Freud study children?
No. His view of childhood was based on the retrospective accounts of patients who came to him for psychoanalysis, mainly upper-class women in Vienna
The driving force in psychosocial theory
not sexuality but the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment.
First of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- Infancy - Trust vs Mistrust:
Establish bond with a trusted caregiver
Second of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- Toddlerhood - Autonomy vs shame and doubt:
Develop healthy sense of self as distict from others
Third of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- Early childhood - initiative vs guilt:
Initiate activities in a purposeful way
Fourth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- Middle childhood - Industry vs inferiority:
Begin to learn knowledge and skills of one’s culture
Fifth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- Adolescence - Identity vs role confusion:
Develop a secure and coherent identity
Sixth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- Early adulthood - intimacy vs isolation
Establish a committed long-term love relationship
Seventh of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- Middle adulthood - Generativity vs stagnation
Care for others and contribute to the wellbeing of the young
Eighth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
- Late adulthood - Ego integrity vs despair
Evaluate one’s lifetime and accept it as it is
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
Microsystem - context (e.g. relationships - two way impact)
Mesosystem - interconnections between contexts (e.g. child abused by parents may have poor interactions with teachers)
Exosystem - social institutions that impact development (e.g. schools, media, religious institutions)
Macrosystem - broad system of cultural beliefs and values, and the economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values (e.g. Saudi Arabia, Islam, legal systems built on that)
Cultural development approach
According to this approach, it is crucial to recognise that throughout the life span, people live within cultural communities where they continuously interact and negotiate with others who convey cultural beliefs, skills and knowledge.
In their development, people learn and respond to the ways of their culture and become participants in shaping the culture’s future
In this book, the stages of human development will be divided as follows:
prenatal development, from conception until birth
infancy, birth to age 12 months
toddlerhood, the 2nd and 3rd years of life, ages 12–36 months
early childhood, ages 3–6
middle childhood, ages 6–9
adolescence
emerging adulthood
young adulthood
middle adulthood
late adulthood.
Five steps in standard scientific method
- Identify a question of scientific research
- Form a hypothesis
- Choose a research method and a research design
- Collect data to test the hypothesis
- Draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses
most institutions that sponsor research, such as universities and research institutes, require proposals for research to be approved by a…
Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC).
Vallidity
A method is valid if it measures what it claims to measure
Reliability
refers to the consistency of measurements
