Week 5 - Early Childhood - (C) - Emotional and social development: Flashcards
in the course of __________ children become adept at understanding the sources of other people’s expressed emotions
early childhood
by age _________ children are usually accurate in explaining the emotions of the situation
5
________ year olds are adept at understanding how emotional states are the basis of subsequent actions
5
emotional self-regulation
ability to exercise control over one’s emotions
In the brain, the development of the f____ c_____ promotes this process because this is the part of the brain most involved in emotional self-regulation
frontal cortex
Another key reason why emotional outbursts decline during early childhood is that children learn strategies for __________
regulating their emotions
Parents can help young children develop ___X_____ by providing emotional and physical comfort when their children are upset, suggesting possible strategies for managing emotions and modelling X themselves
effortful control
undercontrol
trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation
externalising problems
problems that involve others, such as aggression
overcontrol
trait of having excessive emotional self-regulation
internalising problems
problems that entail turning distress inwards, towards the self, such as depression and anxiety
initiative versus guilt
in Erikson’s life span theory, the early childhood stage in which the alternatives are learning to plan activities in a purposeful way or being afflicted with excess guilt that undermines initiative
T/F Behaviour that looks like undercontrol in one culture could be valued as a healthy expression of assertiveness in another culture, at least for boys
T
In ___________, moral development advances further as children gain a more detailed and complex understanding of the rules and expectations of their culture
early childhood
In ________ children become better at perspective taking, and being able to understand how others think and feel makes them more empathic.
early childhood
In _________ there is greater awareness of the rule or expectation that evoked the approval or disapproval. They are also more capable than ________ of anticipating the potential consequences of their actions and avoiding behaviours that would be morally disapproved
early childhood
toddlers
Shweder found that by about age _____, children already grasp the moral standards of their culture, and their views change little from childhood to adolescence to adulthood.
5
By age ____, they understand the difference between telling the truth and lying, and they believe it is wrong to tell lies even when the liar is not caught. However, their moral reasoning tends to be rigid at this age.
4
By the age of __or__, children are capable of making moral judgments that involve considerations of justice and fairness
3 or 4
By age _________, children associate a variety of things with either males or females, including toys, games, clothes, household items, occupations and even colours
3 or 4
gender constancy
understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change
gender schema
gender-based cognitive structure for organising and processing information, comprising expectations for males’ and females’ appearance and behaviour
self-socialisation
process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behaviour
Most important factors when searching for a high-quality preschool experience for their children:
-Education and training of teachers.
-Class size and child–teacher ratio.
Experts recommend no more than 20 children in a classroom, and a ratio no higher than five to ten 3-year-olds, per teacher or seven to ten 4-year-olds, per preschool teacher.
-Age-appropriate materials and activities (active engagement)
-Teacher–child interactions (more)
parenting styles
practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about those practices
demandingness
degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behaviour and require their children to comply with them
responsiveness
degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth and concern for them
The 4 parenting styles
Authoritative Parenting
Authoritarian parenting
Permissive parenting
Rejecting-neglecting parenting (disengaged)
disengaged parents
low in both demandingness and responsiveness
permissive parents
low in demandingness and high in responsiveness
authoritarian parents
high in demandingness but low in responsiveness
authoritative parents
high in demandingness and high in responsiveness
Outcomes associated with Authoritative parenting style
Independent,
Creative,
Self-assured
Socially skilled
Outcomes associated with Authoritarian parenting style
Dependent
Passive
Conforming
Outcomes associated with Permissive parenting style
Irresponsible
Conforming
Immature
Outcomes associated with Disengaged parenting style
Impulsive
Behaviour problems
Early sex, drugs
reciprocal or bidirectional effects
filial piety
belief that children should respect, obey and revere their parents throughout life; common in Asian cultures
In addition to using time out, parenting researchers recommend (3)
(1) explaining the reasons for discipline;
(2) being consistent so that the consequences will be predictable to the child (and hence avoidable); and
(3) exercising discipline at the time of the misbehaviour (not later on) so that the connection will be clear
psychological control
parenting strategy that uses shame and withdrawal of love to influence children’s behaviour
Poor outcomes in western countries
corporal punishment
physical punishment of children
child maltreatment
abuse or neglect of children, including physical, emotional or sexual abuse
foster care
for maltreated children, approach in which adults approved by a state agency take over the care of the child
Mead’s classifications of childhood social stages (3)
0 -2 lap child - Needs constant care; doted on by others
3 -4 knee child - Still cared for mainly by mothers, but spends more time with other children
5 - 6 yard child - More time spent with same-sex peers; sometimes unsupervised
in all 12 cultures __________ was recognised as a common response to the birth of a younger sibling.
jealousy
By age ___or___, they also understand that friendship is characterised by mutual trust and support, and that a friend is someone you can rely on over time
5 or 6
peers
people who share some aspect of their status in common, such as age
From toddlerhood through early childhood, ____ play and ______play decline somewhat, while _____ play and ______ play increase
solitary
parallel
simple social
cooperative pretend
across cultures, children played in same-sex groups ______-____% of the time at age 2–3, rising to over ____% of the time by age 11.
30–40%
90%
instrumental aggression
type of aggression when a child wants something and uses aggressive behaviour or words to get it
hostile aggression
type of aggression that entails signs of anger and intent to inflict pain or harm on others
relational aggression
type of aggression that involves damaging another person’s reputation among peers through social exclusion and malicious gossip
Verbal aggression
is the use of words to hurt others, through yelling at them, calling them names or hostile teasing.
There is abundant evidence that physical aggression peaks in ________ and ______ _____
toddlerhood
early childhood
One national study in the United States followed the course of physical aggression in a longitudinal study of children from age 2 to 9. They found five trajectory groups
The largest group declined steeply in physical aggression from age 2 to 9.
two ‘low-trajectory’ groups that never showed much physical aggression
one ‘moderate-trajectory’ group that remained moderate
one ‘high-trajectory’ group that remained high.
In contrast to ______ aggression, ______aggression rises across early childhood, at least in the Western countries
physical
verbal
Like verbal, _________aggression also becomes more common in the course of early childhood
relational
Young children aged ___-___ are believed to be especially vulnerable to the effects of media violence.
They are more likely than younger or older children to model their behaviour after the behaviour of others, including cartoon characters. Also, they are less likely than older children to have a clear understanding of the boundary between fantasy and reality, and so are more likely to believe that what they witness in media is real.
3–6
Young children are especially susceptible to advertising as they are less aware of advertising intent than older children are. Most do not perceive a distinction between a program and an advertisement until about age ____
5
It is during ____ that children first connect musical sounds with specific emotions; for example, recognising songs in major keys as happy and songs in minor keys as sad. By age 5, children show distinct preferences for music that is harmonious rather than dissonant and has a steady rather than an erratic beat.
early childhood
