Week 8 // Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What is blood? Breakdown of portions?
Blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix (plasma)
Blood plasma 55%
Formed elements 45%
(Red, White, Platelets… mostly RBC. WBC about 1% and platelets less than 1%)
What are the cellular components (formed elements ) of blood?
The cellular components (formed elements) of blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
What is the plasma portion made of?
The plasma portion of blood consists of water, proteins, and other solutes
Blood accounts for ____% of body weight
8%
Majority of blood is made of
water (91.5% of plasma portion) and red blood cells
Blood plasma is mostly
water (91.5%)
White blood cells are called
neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils
Functions of blood *
Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste products
Blood regulates homeostasis of all body fluids, pH, body temperature, and water content of cells
Blood protects against excessive loss by clotting, and uses white blood cells to protect against infections
Blood plasma proteins mostly produced by the
Liver
What makes the blood viscose / sticky?
Blood plasma proteins A plasma protein “fibrinogen” contributes to clotting
How long do blood cells live?
Lymphocytes are able to live for years while most other blood cells live for hours, days, or weeks
Red blood cells live
~ 120 days
The number of red blood cells and platelets remains rather steady while that of white blood cells varies depending on
invading pathogens and other foreign antigens
The process of producing blood cells is called
hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into each of the different types of blood cells
Red blood cells contain the protein
Red blood cells contain the protein hemoglobin
Red blood cells also called
erythrocytes
how does blood carry oxygen?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain the protein hemoglobin that is used to carry oxygen to all cells and to carry some carbon dioxide to the lungs
Each hemoglobin molecule contains an iron ion which allows each molecule to bind four oxygen molecules
Red blood cells have no nucleus or other organelles and are biconcave discs
This allows them to carry oxygen more efficiently
Dead blood cells are removed from circulation this way
Dead cells are removed from the circulation by the spleen and liver
Breakdown products from the red blood cells are recycled and reused
The production of red blood cells begins here
Erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) begins in the red bone marrow
Kidney and red blood cells connection
Erythropoietin, a hormone released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen concentration) stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into erythrocytes
Reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) enter the circulation and mature in 1 to 2 days
Do red blood cells contain nucleus and organelles?
No. It contains hemoglobin.
Do white blood cells contain nucleus and organelles?
White blood cells (leukocytes) contain a nucleus and organelles, but no hemoglobin
Granular vs Agranular *
Leukocytes are classified as:
Granular (containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained)
Granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular (containing no granules)
Agranular leukocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
Which leukocyte can appear to be both granular and agranular?
leukocytes
How long do white blood cells live for?
White blood cells may live for several months or years;
main fx of white blood cells?
their main function is to combat invading microbes
During an invasion, many white blood cells are able to leave the bloodstream and collect at sites of invasion
The process is called emigration (diapedesis)
what does a high white blood cell count usually indicate?
infection or inflammation
significance of white blood cells counts
neutrophils
neutrophils:
HIGH bacteria, stress, burns, inflammation
LOW radiation exposure, drug toxicity, low B12, systemic lupus
significance of white blood cells counts
eosinophils
HIGH: allergic reaction, parasitic infections, autoimmune disease
LOW: drug toxicity, stress, acute allergic reactions
lymphocytes
HIGH: Viral infection, some leukemias, mono
LOW: prolonged illness, HIV, immunosuppression treatment w/ cortisol
monocytes
HIGH Viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases
LOW:
Bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol
basophils
HIGH: allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism
LOW: pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism
hemoglobin in red blood cells transports
most oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
white blood cells function
combats pathogens and foreign substances that invade the body
platelet main funcion
stops bleeding, releases chemical that causes vascular spasm and blood clotting
bone marrow transplants
are performed to replace cancerous red bone marrow with normal red bone marrow
donor’s bone marrow usually collected from the
iliac crest of the hip bone
Hemostasis is a sequence of responses that
stop bleeding (in a vessel)
The 3 steps of hemostasis
The process involves:
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- Blood clotting (coagulation)
blood clotting can be activated in these two ways
Extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway
The extrinsic pathway is activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape from the vascular system. … The intrinsic pathway is activated by trauma inside the vascular system, and is activated by platelets, exposed endothelium, chemicals, or collagen.
Both of these pathways lead to the formation of prothrombinase and, from there, the common pathway continues.
What vitamin is needed for normal clot formation?
Vitamin K is needed for normal clot formation because it is used in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors
anemia
Anemia is a condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to a decreased number of RBCs or a decreased amount of hemoglobin
sickle-cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic anemia (oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced)
CHANGED SHAPE OF CLOOD INTO CRESCENT*
The red blood cells of individuals with this disease contain hemoglobin-S (Hb-S), which causes red blood cells to bend into a sickle shape when it gives up oxygen to the interstitial fluid
Hemophilia
Hemophilia is an inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or after minor trama
Leukemia
Leukemia is a group of red bone marrow cancers in which abnormal white blood cells multiply uncontrollably
Types include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphoblastic anemia (CLA), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
how many blood groups are there?
24
how is blood categorized? (4 groups)
A, B, or AB, with O being the absence of the antigens
