Joints

Question 1

What are joints? Alternative names?

Answer 1

A joint is a point of contact between:

Two or more bones
Cartilage and bone
Teeth and bone

Also called articulation or arthrosis

Question 2

Ways to classify a joint?

Answer 2

Structurally
Is there a joint cavity?
What type of connective tissue is involved?

Functionally
What degree of movement?

Question 3

3 types of joints (structural classification)

Answer 3

Fibrous – no articular cavity / little or no movement
Articulating bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue
Types: Sutures and Syndesmoses (immoveable… like sutures in skull or sydesmoses ligament between tibia and fibula)

Cartilaginous – no articular cavity / slightly moveable
Articulating bones held together by hyaline cartilage (Synchondrosis - an almost immoveable joint like vertebra, or cartilaginous joints between manubrium and ribs) or fibrous cartilage (Symphysis - slightly moveable)

Synovial – with articular cavity
Characterized by synovial cavity and articular cartilage; may contain accessory ligaments, articular discs and bursae

Question 4

Synovial Joints

Answer 4

Have a synovial cavity

Articulating bones are covered with articular cartilage, held together by ligaments, contain synovial fluid, have a nerve and blood supply, and are surrounded by an articular capsule

Permit a large range of movement

Question 5

Bursae

Answer 5

sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another

Question 6

Tendon Sheaths

Answer 6

a tube-like bursae that wraps around tendons subject to a great deal of friction

Question 7

Adduction / Abduction

Answer 7

Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body

Adduction is the opposing movement that brings the limb toward the body or across the midline

Question 8

Flexion / Extension

Answer 8

Flexion describes a bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment.

Extension is the opposite of flexion, describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. For example, when standing up, the knees are extended.

Question 9

Circumduction

Answer 9

Circumduction is a conical movement of a body part, such as a ball and socket joint or the eye. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. … For example, circumduction occurs when spinning the arm when performing a serve in tennis or bowling a cricket ball. (Spiral motion)

Question 10

Lateral / Medial rotation

Answer 10

Medial and lateral rotation describe movement of the limbs around their long axis:

Medial rotation is a rotational movement towards the midline. It is sometimes referred to as internal rotation. Imagine a straight leg, rotate it to point the toes inward. This is medial rotation of the hip.

Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from the midline. This is in the opposite direction to the movements described above.

Question 11

Elevation / Depression / Protraction / Retraction

Answer 11

Elevation
Superior movement of body part. (mandible)

Depression
Inferior movement of body part. (mandible)

Protraction
Anterior movement of body part in transverse plane. (push head forward)

Retraction
Posterior movement of body part in transverse plane. (pull head inwards / chin in)

Question 12

Inversion / Eversion / Dorsiflexion / Plantar Flexion

Answer 12

Inversion
Medial movement of sole. (rotate foot inwards)

Eversion
Lateral movement of sole. (rotate foot out)

Dorsiflexion
Bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface). (pull foot up)

Plantar flexion
Bending foot in direction of plantar surface (sole). (push foot down)

Question 13

Factors affecting contact and range of motion at synovial joints

Answer 13

> Structure and shape of the articulating bones
Strength and tension of the joint ligaments
Arrangement and tension of the muscles
Contact of soft parts
Hormones
Disuse

Question 14

Suture

Answer 14

Between skull bones.
Fibrous joint.
No movement.

Question 15

Altanto-occipital

Answer 15

Between superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone.

(top of spine and skull)

ellipsoid

Question 16

Altanto-Axial

Answer 16

Synovial pivot for rotation of the head

c1 / c2

Question 17

Intervertebral

Answer 17

(1) Between vertebral bodies
(2) Between vertebral arches

Cartilaginous (symphysis) between vertebral bodies; Synovial (planar) between vertebral arches.

Allow:
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of vertebral column.

Question 18

Vertebrocostal

Answer 18

(1) Between articular facets of heads of ribs and costal facets of bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs between them;
(2) Between articular facet of tubercles of ribs and transverse costal facet of thoracic

Synovial (planar).
Slight gliding.

Question 19

Sternocostal

Answer 19

Between sternum and first seven pairs of ribs.

Cartilaginous (synchondrosis) between sternum and first pair of ribs;

synovial (plane) between sternum and second through seventh pairs of ribs.

No movement between sternum and first pair of ribs; slight gliding between sternum and second through seventh pairs of ribs.

Question 20

Lumbosacral

Answer 20

(1) Between body of fifth lumbar vertebra and base of sacrum;
(2) Between inferior articular facets of fifth lumbar vertebra and superior articular facets of first vertebra of sacrum.

Cartilaginous (symphysis) between body and base; synovial (planar) between articular facets.

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of vertebral column.

Question 21

Sternoclavicular

Answer 21

Sternoclavicular

Between sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum, and first costal cartilage.

Synovial (plane, pivot).

Gliding, with limited movements in nearly every direction.

Question 22

Acromiociavicular

Answer 22

Between acromion of scapula and acromial end of clavicle.

Synovial (plane).
Gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle.

Question 23

Radioulnar

Answer 23

Radioulnar

Proximal radioulnar joint between head of radius and radial notch of ulna; distal radioulnar joint between ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna.

Synovial (pivot).

Rotates forearm

Question 24

Wrist (radiocarpal)

Answer 24

Between distal end of radius and scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum of carpus.
Synovial (ellipsoid).
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and slight hyperextension of wrist.

Question 25

Intercarpal

Answer 25

Intercarpal

Between proximal row of carpal bones, distal row of carpal bones, and between both rows of carpal bones (midcarpal joints).

Synovial (plane), except for hamate, scaphoid, and lunate (midcarpal) joint, which is synovial (saddle).
Gliding plus flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and slight rotation at midcarpal joints.

Question 26

Carpometacarpal

Answer 26

Carpometacarpal joint of thumb between trapezium of carpus and first metacarpal; carpometacarpal joints of remaining digits formed between carpus and second through fifth metacarpals.
Synovial (saddle) at thumb; synovial (plane) at remaining digits.
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction at thumb; gliding at remaining digits.

Question 27

Metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal

Answer 27

Between heads of metacarpals (or metatarsals) and bases of proximal phalanges.
Synovial (ellipsoid).
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction of phalanges.

Question 28

Interphalangeal

Answer 28

Between heads of phalanges and bases of more distal phalanges.
Synovial (hinge).
Flexion and extension of phalanges.

Question 29

Sacroiliac

Answer 29

Between auricular surfaces of sacrum and ilia of hip bones.
Synovial (plane).
Slight gliding (even more so during pregnancy).

Question 30

Pubic symphysis

Answer 30

Between anterior surfaces of hip bones.
Cartilaginous (symphysis).
Slight movements (even more so during pregnancy).

Question 31

Tibiofibular (2)

Answer 31

Proximal tibiofibular joint between lateral condyle of tibia and head of fibula; distal tibiofibular joint between distal end of fibula and fibular notch of tibia.
Synovial (plane) at proximal joint; fibrous (syndesmosis) at distal joint.

Slight gliding at proximal joint; slight rotation of fibula during dorsiflexion of foot.

Question 32

Ankle (talocrural)

Answer 32

(1) Between distal end of tibia and its medial malleolus and talus;
(2) between lateral malleolus of fibula and talus.

Synovial (hinge).
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot.

Question 33

Intertarsal

Answer 33

Subtalar joint between talus and calcaneus of tarsus; talocalcaneonavicular joint between talus and calcaneus and navicular of tarsus; calcaneocuboid joint between calcaneus and cuboid of tarsus.
Synovial (plane) at subtalar and calcaneocuboid joints; synovial (saddle) at talocalcaneonavicular joint.
Inversion and eversion of foot.

Question 34

Tarsometatarsal

Answer 34

Between three cuneiforms of tarsus and bases of five metatarsal bones.
Synovial (plane).
Slight gliding.

Question 35

Tempromandicular Joint

Answer 35

Anatomical Components

Articular capsule
Articular disc (meniscus), Lateral ligament, Sphenomandibular ligament, Stylomandibular ligament

Movements
Depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, lateral displacement, slight rotation

Question 36

Shoulder Joint

Answer 36

Anatomical Components
Articular capsule
Coracohumeral ligament, Glenohumeral ligaments, Transverse humeral ligament, Glenoid labrum, Bursae

Movements
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction

Question 37

Gleno-humeral joint injuries

Answer 37

Rotator cuff injury –
occurs from wear and tear, aging, trauma, poor posture, improper lifting and repetitive movements

Dislocated shoulder – head of humerus becomes displaced from glenoid cavity; damages ligaments, tendons, muscles

Separated shoulder - – partial or complete tearing of acromioclavicular ligament

Question 38

Elbow Joint

Answer 38

Anatomical Components
Articular capsule
Ulnar collateral ligament, Radial collateral ligament, Annular ligament of the radius

Movements
flexion and extension

Question 39

Hip Joint

Answer 39

Anatomical Components
Articular capsule
Iliofemoral ligament, Pubofemoral ligament, Ischiofemoral ligament, Ligament of the head of the femur, Acetabular labrum, Transverse acetabular ligament

Movements
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction

Question 40

Knee Joint

Answer 40

Anatomical Components
Articular capsule
Medial and Lateral patellar retinacula, Patellotibial ligament, Oblique popliteal ligament, Arcuate popliteal ligament, Tibial collateral ligament, Fibular collateral ligament, intracapsular ligaments (ACL and PCL), Articular discs, Bursae

Movements
flexion, extension, slight medial and lateral rotation

Question 41

how can aging affect joints?

Answer 41

As we age, our joints experience:

Decreased production of synovial fluid
Thinning of articular cartilage
Loss of ligament length and flexibility
Arthroplasty
(Joint replacement surgery can be performed to counter some of the effects of aging)