Week 1 & 2 Set 1 // Systems // Integumentary // Anatomy // Homeostasis COPY Flashcards
Name the body’s 11 systems
integumentary, muscular, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, cardiovascular, urinary, lymphatic (immune), skeletal, digestive, nervous
Negative feedback
(Part of homeostasis)
Negative feedback REVERSES a change in a controlled condition. (Brings them back into balance.)
It is common in systems that must be stable over time. (ie: blood pressure.)
Positive Feedback
(Part of homeostasis)
Positive Feedback STRENGTHENS or reinforces a change in a controlled condition.
Common in events that do not occur often. (ie: childbirth)
(Homeostasis) What are the 3 parts of a feedback system?
Receptor, Control Center/ Condition and Effector.
A stimulus disrupts a controlled condition.
The Receptor (who has been monitoring for any change) takes notice, and sends a signal to the Control. Center.
(We are out of balance! Oh no!)
The Control Center sends a signal to the Effector (which is usually.a tissue or an organ) and tells the Effector to bring about a change so that it can return to homeostasis.
C
AFFERENT and EFFERENT pathways
In a feedback system, the signals and messages going to the control centre are called “Afferent” and the signals leaving he control centre are called “Efferent”
2 major body systems that regulate homeostasis
- Nervous system (sends electrical signals / fast)
2. Endocrine system (glands secrete hormones / slow)
4 types of extracellular fluid
plasma
lymph
cerebrospinal fluid
synovial fluid (joints)
3 main body cavities
Cranial Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic / Abdominal Cavity
What cavities are inside of the thoracic cavity?
Pericardial Cavity Pleural Cavities (2)
Serous Membranes
Slippery, DOUBLE-LAYERED membranes that line closed body cavities and the organs/viscera within the cavities. They “parietal layer” lines the walls of the cavities and the
‘visceral layer” encloses the viscera (organs.) They reduce friction and hold small amounts of lubricating fluid called serous fluid in between the layers.
PRONE vs. SUPINE
When a person is lying down, “prone” means face down and “supine” means face up.
The serous membrane of the pleural cavity is called
Pleura
The visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs and the parietal pleura lines the chest wall.
The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is called
Pericardium
The visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart and the parietal pericardium lines chest wall.
The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is called
Peritoneum
Proximal / Distal / Medial / Lateral
ADD Image
Dorsal / Ventral / Anterior / Posterior
Dorsal and Posterior = back
Ventral and Anterior = front
Contralateral / Ipsilateral
Contralateral =
two structures on opposite sides of the body
Ipsilateral =
two structures on same side of body
Caudal
Same as inferior (away from the head)
Lower on the body
Intermediate
Between two other structures
Cephalic
Same as superior / Cranial (towards the head)
Antecubital
front of the elbow
Sural
the area of the calf
Popiteal
the hollow behind the knee
Oleocranial / cubital
back of elbow
What are the layers of the epidermis, from most superficial to deepest?
Corneum Lucidum (thick skin only) Granulosum Spinosum Basale
Name 4 major skin cells of epidermis
Keratinocyte, Melanocyte, Tactile Epithelial Cells, Intra-epidermal Macrophages (from ppt… text book says Dendritic)
Functions of Integumentary System
- temperature control
- converts Vitamin D to active form
- helps maintain homeostasis
- provides sensory info
4 Phases of Wound Healing
Inflammatory Phase (clot forms) Migratory Phase (blood becomes a scab) Proliferative Phase (growth of skin cells beneath scab) Maturation Phase (scab falls off, skin healed)
The Dermis has so many blood vessels it can hold _____% of total blood flow while adult is at rest.
8 - 10%
Functions of Skin
○ thermoregulation ○ blood reservoir ○ protection ○ cutaneous sensations ○ excretion and absorption ○ synthesis of Vitamin D
Nails are made of _________
keratinized epidermal cells
3 types of skin glands
○ Sebaceous (oil) glands
○ Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
» 2 kinds. “Eccrine” most numerous
» “Apocrine” mainly located in areas with hair
○ Ceruminous glands (modified sweat glands in ear canal)
Hair gets it colour from the amount and type of _______
melanin
Type of melanin that creates dark pigment in skin/ hair
eumelanin
Type of melanin that creates yellow or red pigment in skin/ hair
variants of pheomelanin
Why does hair turn grey?
progressive decline of melanin
Why does hair turn white?
lack of melanin. (Note: Hair has air bubbles within the shaft)
What are the 3 stages of hair growth?
- Growth Stage
»» The cells of the matrix divide for 3-6 years - Regression Stage
»» Hair moves away from the blood supply. 2-3 weeks - Resting Stage
»» Old hair root falls out. New growth begins. Stage lasts for 3 months
Name the 3 main parts of the hair
○The hair shaft (outside of skin)
○The follicle (below skin)
○The root (penetrates dermis and wrapped by epithelial root sheath and dermal root sheath)
The red pigment in blood cells
Hemoglobin
Melanin is produced by________ in the ________ layer of the epidermis
Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the basale layer of the epidermis
Is the epidermis or the dermis more superficial?
epidermis
Where is the pigment carotene stored?
Carotene (a yellow/ orange pigment) is stored in the stratum corneum (outer layer of the skin) and in the adipose tissues
Stratum Corneum
○ Outer layer of the skin
○ Up to 50 layers (book says average of 25-30 layers) of dead keratinocytes.
Stratum Basale
○ Deepest layer of the epidermis
○ Single row of cuboidal keratinocytes, some cells are stem cells and there are also melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells scattered among the stem cells.
Stratum Spinosum
2nd deepest layer of epidermis (superficial to stratum basale)
Order from superficial to deep:
Stratum Lucidum, Stratus Spinosum, Stratum Basale, Stratum Corneum, Stratum Granulosum
Stratum
Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale
What are the three major types of skin cancer?
The three major types are basal cell carcinoma (78%), squamous cell carcinoma (20%) and malignant melanoma (2%)
