Week 1 & 2 Set 1 // Systems // Integumentary // Anatomy // Homeostasis

Question 1

Name the body’s 11 systems

Answer 1

integumentary, muscular, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, cardiovascular, urinary, lymphatic (immune), skeletal, digestive, nervous

Question 2

Negative feedback

Answer 2

(Part of homeostasis)

Negative feedback REVERSES a change in a controlled condition. (Brings them back into balance.)

It is common in systems that must be stable over time. (ie: blood pressure.)

Question 3

Positive Feedback

Answer 3

(Part of homeostasis)

Positive Feedback STRENGTHENS or reinforces a change in a controlled condition.

Common in events that do not occur often. (ie: childbirth)

Question 4

(Homeostasis) What are the 3 parts of a feedback system?

Answer 4

Receptor, Control Center/ Condition and Effector.

A stimulus disrupts a controlled condition.
The Receptor (who has been monitoring for any change) takes notice, and sends a signal to the Control. Center.
(We are out of balance! Oh no!)
The Control Center sends a signal to the Effector (which is usually.a tissue or an organ) and tells the Effector to bring about a change so that it can return to homeostasis.

C

Question 5

AFFERENT and EFFERENT pathways

Answer 5

In a feedback system, the signals and messages going to the control centre are called “Afferent” and the signals leaving he control centre are called “Efferent”

Question 6

2 major body systems that regulate homeostasis

Answer 6

1. Nervous system (sends electrical signals / fast)

2. Endocrine system (glands secrete hormones / slow)

Question 7

4 types of extracellular fluid

Answer 7

plasma
lymph
cerebrospinal fluid
synovial fluid (joints)

Question 8

3 main body cavities

Answer 8

Cranial Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic / Abdominal Cavity

Question 9

What cavities are inside of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 9

Pericardial Cavity
Pleural Cavities (2)

Question 10

Serous Membranes

Answer 10

Slippery, DOUBLE-LAYERED membranes that line closed body cavities and the organs/viscera within the cavities. They “parietal layer” lines the walls of the cavities and the
‘visceral layer” encloses the viscera (organs.) They reduce friction and hold small amounts of lubricating fluid called serous fluid in between the layers.

Question 11

PRONE vs. SUPINE

Answer 11

When a person is lying down, “prone” means face down and “supine” means face up.

Question 12

The serous membrane of the pleural cavity is called

Answer 12

Pleura

The visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs and the parietal pleura lines the chest wall.

Question 13

The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is called

Answer 13

Pericardium

The visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart and the parietal pericardium lines chest wall.

Question 14

The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is called

Answer 14

Peritoneum

Question 15

Proximal / Distal / Medial / Lateral

Answer 15

ADD Image

Question 16

Dorsal / Ventral / Anterior / Posterior

Answer 16

Dorsal and Posterior = back

Ventral and Anterior = front

Question 17

Contralateral / Ipsilateral

Answer 17

Contralateral =
two structures on opposite sides of the body

Ipsilateral =
two structures on same side of body

Question 18

Caudal

Answer 18

Same as inferior (away from the head)

Lower on the body

Question 19

Intermediate

Answer 19

Between two other structures

Question 20

Cephalic

Answer 20

Same as superior / Cranial (towards the head)

Question 21

Antecubital

Answer 21

front of the elbow

Question 22

Sural

Answer 22

the area of the calf

Question 23

Popiteal

Answer 23

the hollow behind the knee

Question 24

Oleocranial / cubital

Answer 24

back of elbow

Question 25

What are the layers of the epidermis, from most superficial to deepest?

Answer 25

Corneum
Lucidum (thick skin only)
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale

Question 26

Name 4 major skin cells of epidermis

Answer 26

Keratinocyte, Melanocyte, Tactile Epithelial Cells, Intra-epidermal Macrophages (from ppt… text book says Dendritic)

Question 27

Functions of Integumentary System

Answer 27

• temperature control
• converts Vitamin D to active form
• helps maintain homeostasis
• provides sensory info

Question 28

4 Phases of Wound Healing

Answer 28

Inflammatory Phase (clot forms)
Migratory Phase (blood becomes a scab)
Proliferative Phase (growth of skin cells beneath scab)
Maturation Phase (scab falls off, skin healed)

Question 29

The Dermis has so many blood vessels it can hold _____% of total blood flow while adult is at rest.

Answer 29

8 - 10%

Question 30

Functions of Skin

Answer 30

○ thermoregulation
 ○ blood reservoir
 ○ protection
 ○ cutaneous sensations
 ○ excretion and absorption
 ○ synthesis of Vitamin D

Question 31

Nails are made of _________

Answer 31

keratinized epidermal cells

Question 32

3 types of skin glands

Answer 32

○ Sebaceous (oil) glands
○ Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
» 2 kinds. “Eccrine” most numerous
» “Apocrine” mainly located in areas with hair
○ Ceruminous glands (modified sweat glands in ear canal)

Question 33

Hair gets it colour from the amount and type of _______

Answer 33

melanin

Question 34

Type of melanin that creates dark pigment in skin/ hair

Answer 34

eumelanin

Question 35

Type of melanin that creates yellow or red pigment in skin/ hair

Answer 35

variants of pheomelanin

Question 36

Why does hair turn grey?

Answer 36

progressive decline of melanin

Question 37

Why does hair turn white?

Answer 37

lack of melanin. (Note: Hair has air bubbles within the shaft)

Question 38

What are the 3 stages of hair growth?

Answer 38

1. Growth Stage
   »» The cells of the matrix divide for 3-6 years
2. Regression Stage
   »» Hair moves away from the blood supply. 2-3 weeks
3. Resting Stage
   »» Old hair root falls out. New growth begins. Stage lasts for 3 months

Question 39

Name the 3 main parts of the hair

Answer 39

○The hair shaft (outside of skin)
○The follicle (below skin)
○The root (penetrates dermis and wrapped by epithelial root sheath and dermal root sheath)

Question 40

The red pigment in blood cells

Answer 40

Hemoglobin

Question 41

Melanin is produced by________ in the ________ layer of the epidermis

Answer 41

Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the basale layer of the epidermis

Question 42

Is the epidermis or the dermis more superficial?

Answer 42

epidermis

Question 43

Where is the pigment carotene stored?

Answer 43

Carotene (a yellow/ orange pigment) is stored in the stratum corneum (outer layer of the skin) and in the adipose tissues

Question 44

Stratum Corneum

Answer 44

○ Outer layer of the skin

○ Up to 50 layers (book says average of 25-30 layers) of dead keratinocytes.

Question 45

Stratum Basale

Answer 45

○ Deepest layer of the epidermis
○ Single row of cuboidal keratinocytes, some cells are stem cells and there are also melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells scattered among the stem cells.

Question 46

Stratum Spinosum

Answer 46

2nd deepest layer of epidermis (superficial to stratum basale)

Question 47

Order from superficial to deep:

Stratum Lucidum, Stratus Spinosum, Stratum Basale, Stratum Corneum, Stratum Granulosum

Answer 47

Stratum

Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale

Question 48

What are the three major types of skin cancer?

Answer 48

The three major types are basal cell carcinoma (78%), squamous cell carcinoma (20%) and malignant melanoma (2%)