Week 3 // Class The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
What is the Appendicular Skeleton?
The bones of the 4 limbs.
As “appendages” to the central skeleton, these bones include those of the upper and lower limbs (including the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton)
The pectoral (shoulder) girdle includes these two bones
Clavicle and Scapula
The collarbone is also known as the
Clavicle
What shape is the Clavicle?
The clavicle is S-shaped
The clavicle articulates (connects with) these two things
The sternum and the scapula
More specifically: The medial (sternal) end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum The lateral (acromial) end articulates with the acromion of the scapula
What shape does the scapula have?
The scapula is a flat bone
Where is the scapula?
It is located in the superior part of the posterior thorax between the second and seventh ribs
(this large triangular-shaped bone is in the upper back)
The shoulder blade is also known as the
Scapula
The humerus (upper arm bone) attaches to the scapula in the
Glenoid cavity (a socket in the scapula)
The humerus articulates with these three bones
Scapula
(proximally, its rounded head fits into the glenoid cavity)
Radius and Ulna
(distally, the trochlea articulates with the ulna and the capitulum with the radius)
Where are the ulna and the radius?
The forearm
Is the radius located on the lateral or the medial side?
The radius is located on the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm
The elbow joint includes these
The olecranon and coronoid process at the proximal end of the ulna form the trochlear notch which wraps around the trochlea of the humerus making up the elbow joint
Where are the carpal bones and how many are there?
The carpal bones are 8 small bones in the wrist.
They connected to each other by ligaments and they are arranged in two rows of four bones each
The proximal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) articulates with the distal radius and ulna
The distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) articulates with the metacarpals
So Long Tiny Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb
The metacarpals
How many in total?
What are they called?
The five metacarpals make up the palm and back of the hand
They are numbered I through V (or 1–5) starting with the thumb. The bases articulate with the distal carpals while their heads articulate with the proximal phalanges
The phalanges
How many in total?
The phalanges are the bones of the digits.
14 total (each hand)
The thumb contains 2 (proximal and distal) while the other 4 fingers contain 3 each (proximal, middle and distal)
the Pelvic Girdle
The pelvic (hip) girdle is made up of two hip bones (os coxa, coxal bones) that articulate with the sacrum posteriorly.
Each hip bone is actually made up of three individual bones: ilium, ischium, pubis
The two bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic bones (pubic symphysis)
There is a disc of fibrocartilage between the two bones
3 bones of each hip
illium, ischium, pubis
The head of the femur articulates with the hip at this spot
The head of the femur articulates with the “acetabulum” of the hip bone as a ball and socket joint.
The acetabulum is composed of parts of all three of the bones that make up the hip bone
What are the greater pelvis and the lesser pelvis?
Parts of the pelvis that sit above and below of the pelvic brim
Pubic arch greater or less than 90 degrees
Women - greater than (for childbirth)
Men - less than
Differences male/ female pelvis
The bones of the male pelvis are usually larger and heavier
The bones of the female pelvis are structured to meet the requirements of pregnancy and childbirth
The female pelvis is wider and shallower than that of the male
Which bone is the longest, strongest and heaviest in the body?
Femur
The femur articulates with these (3)
The proximal end (head) inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone
The distal end articulates with the tibia and patella
The two bones of the lower leg
the tibia and the fibula
The tibia articulates with
The tibia’s proximal end articulates with the femur
The tibia’s distal end articulates with the talus bone of the ankle
The tibial tuberosity on the anterior surface is the point of attachment for the patellar ligament
The tarsus contain how many bones?
7
Name the 7 bones of the tarsus
talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and the cuboid
The bones that create the foot and that articulate with the tarsus are called the __________
The metatarsus (5 bones)
The metatarsals
The metatarsus is made up of 5 metatarsal bones
Just like the metacarpals, they are numbered I through V (1–5) starting with the big toe
They make up the sole and dorsal surface of the foot
The proximal ends articulate with the 3 cuneiform bones and the cuboid
The distal ends articulate with the proximal phalanges
The phalanges
How many?
The phalanges are arranged exactly like those of the hand.
The big toe has a proximal and distal phalanx and the other toes have a proximal, middle and distal phalanx
(14)
The arches of the foot
The two arches are: 1) the longitudinal arch which is made up of a medial and a lateral portion and 2) the transverse arch
Where does most skeletal tissue form?
Most skeletal tissue arises from the middle primary germ layer in embryos known as the mesoderm,
Where does the skull form?
Most of the skull arises from the outer layer called the ectoderm
Where do limbs and limb girdles form?
Mesoderm
Where is the trochlear notch?
In the elbow joint
