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Anatomy & Physiology // Georgian Acu // > Week 5 // Brain > Flashcards

Week 5 // Brain Flashcards

1
Q

When and where does the development of the nervous system begin?

A

The development of the nervous system begins with a thickening of the ectoderm called the neural tube

3-4 week old embryo (brain begins)

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2
Q

Brain stem includes the

A

mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata

midbrain: reflective movement of eyebrow, auditory/visual stimulus),
pons: helps medulla control breathing
medulla oblongata: swallowing, blood rate, sweating, pressure… continues to spinal cord

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3
Q

Diencephalon includes the

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

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4
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posterior part of head (below occipital lobe area)

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5
Q

Ventricles

A

The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities in center of brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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6
Q

the brain is protected by

A

cranial bones, cerebrospinal fluid and cranial meninges

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7
Q

Cranial meninges

A

3 layers:

Pia (deep layer), arachnoid (mid layer), and dura mater (outermost 2 layers)

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8
Q

Blood flows to the brain via the ______& _______ and flows back to the heard via the __________

A

Blood flows to the brain via the vertebral and carotid arteries and flows back to the heart via the jugular veins

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9
Q

The brain uses about _____% of body’s oxygen supply

A

20%

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10
Q

Any interruption of the oxygen supply can result in

A

weakening, permanent damage, or death of brain cells

Glucose deficiency may produce mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and unconsciousness

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11
Q

What is the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

A

The BBB protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens by serving as a selective barrier to prevent passage of many substances from the blood into the brain

The BBB can prevent the entry of therapeutic drugs
Injury to the brain may cause a breakdown of the BBB, permitting the passage of normally restricted substances into the brain tissue

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12
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

C S F is a liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and it carries oxygen, glucose, and other important substances from the blood to nervous tissue cells

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13
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

The ventricles of the brain contain C S F

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14
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

The choroid plexuses make C S F

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15
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata

A

The medulla oblongata is continuous with the superior aspect of the spinal cord and contains portions of both motor and sensory tracts

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16
Q

Medulla Oblongata contains these Cranial nerves

A

Vestibulocochlear (CN 8) and hypoglossal (CN 12)

The vestibulocochlear nerve consists of the vestibular and cochlear nerves. The vestibular nervehandles balance and equilibrium, while the cochlear nerve is responsible for hearing. The hypoglossal nerveenables tongue movement. (After stroke, hypoglossal nerves can be damaged)

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17
Q

Functional regions of medulla oblongata

A

Heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, hiccupping

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18
Q

Pons location

A

The pons is located superior to the medulla oblongata and it links parts of the brain with one another by way of tracts

The pons is part of a highway-like structure between the brain and the body known as the brainstem. The brainstem is made up of three sections, and carries vital information to the body. The pons relays information about motor function, sensation, eye movement, hearing, taste, and more.

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19
Q

Pons Cranial Nerves

A

Cranial nerves

Trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear

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20
Q

Pons functional regions

A

Functional regions
Relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal muscle movements from cerebrum to cerebellum
Pneumotaxic and apneustic areas (control of respiration)

21
Q

Midbrain location

A

The midbrain is located superior to the medulla oblongata and extends from the pons to the diencephalon

22
Q

Midbrain Cranial Nerves

A

Cranial nerves = Oculomotor and trochlear

Structural regions
Cerebral peduncles, corpora quadrigemina, substantia nigra, red nuclei, and medial lemniscus

23
Q

Midbrain Functional regions

A

Functional regions
Conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, and regulates auditory and visual reflexes

24
Q

Reticular Formation

A

The reticular formation helps regulate muscle tone, alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals, and is responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep

25
Q

Brainstem functions : Medulla oblongata not on exam

A

Medulla oblongata: Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts. Cardiovascular center regulates heartbeat and blood vessel diameter. Medullary respiratory center (together with pons) regulates breathing. Contains gracile nucleus, cuneate nucleus, gustatory nucleus, cochlear nuclei, and vestibular nuclei (components of sensory pathways to brain). Inferior olivary nucleus provides instructions that cerebellum uses to adjust muscle activity when learning new motor skills. Other nuclei coordinate vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and hiccupping. Contains nuclei of origin for vestibulocochlear (VIII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. Reticular formation (also in pons, midbrain, and diencephalon) functions in consciousness and arousal.

26
Q

Brainstem functions : Pons not on exam

A

Pons: Contains sensory and motor tracts. Pontine nuclei relay nerve impulses from motor areas of cerebral cortex to cerebellum. Contains vestibular nuclei (along with medulla) that are part of equilibrium pathway to brain. Pontine respiratory group (together with the medulla) helps control breathing. Contains nuclei of origin for trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII), and vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves.

27
Q

Brainstem functions : Midbrain not on exam

A

Midbrain: Contains sensory and motor tracts. Superior colliculi coordinate movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli. Inferior colliculi coordinate movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. Substantia nigra and red nucleus contribute to control of movement. Contains nuclei of origin for oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) nerves.

28
Q

The Cerebellum

A

The cerebellum occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity and consists of two hemispheres and a central vermis

29
Q

The Cerebellum functions

A

The cerebellum functions in the coordination of skeletal muscle contractions and in the maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance.
Normal posture, normal balance.

30
Q

The Diencephalon

A

The diencephalon is composed of the:

Thalamus, Hypothalamus and Epithalamus

31
Q

Thalamus

A

Thalamus (located superior to the midbrain and contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses -except smell- to the cerebral cortex. Track for signals from spinal cord. Important in sleep, emotions, all sensory input)

32
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus is found inferior to the thalamus, has four major regions, controls many body activities, and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis.

33
Q

Epithalamus

A

The epithalamus lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the pineal gland. The pineal gland secretes melatonin and the habenular nuclei are involved in olfaction.

34
Q

Circumventricular Organs (CVOs) of the Diencephalon

A

NO BBB! Monitor changes in blood.

Parts of the diencephalon, the CVOs, can monitor chemical changes in the blood because they lack a blood-brain barrier.

CVOs include a portion of the hypothalamus, the pineal gland, and the pituitary gland

CVOs coordinate homeostatic activities of the endocrine and nervous systems

35
Q

Overall functions of Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus).

A

Thalamus: Relays almost all sensory input to cerebral cortex. Contributes to motor functions by transmitting information from cerebellum and corpus striatum to primary motor cortex of cerebral cortex. Plays role in maintenance of consciousness.

Hypothalamus: Controls and integrates activities of autonomic nervous system. Produces hormones, including releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone. Regulates emotional and behavioral patterns (together with limbic system). Contains feeding and satiety centers (regulate eating), thirst center (regulates drinking), and suprachiasmatic nucleus (regulates circadian rhythms). Controls body temperature by serving as body’s thermostat.

Epithalamus: Consists of pineal gland (secretes melatonin) and habenular nuclei (involved in olfaction).

36
Q

The Cerebrum

A

The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter which contains billions of neurons
Gyri, fissures, and sulci can be identified on the cortex
Deep to the cortex is white matter composed of tracts of neurons that connect parts of the brain to each other and the spinal cord

37
Q

The cerebrum can be divided into these lobes

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Insula
38
Q

A bundle of white matter tracts in the cerebrum connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

the corpus callosum

39
Q

The cerebral cortex is composed of _____ matter

A

gray

40
Q

Deep to the cortex is white matter composed of tracts of neurons that connect

A

parts of the brain to each other and the spinal cord

41
Q

Basal Nuclei of the Cerebrum

A

The basal nuclei are paired masses of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere

42
Q

The Limbic System

A

The limbic system is found in the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

(Not on ppt: The limbic system is the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviours we need for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and fight or flight responses.)

43
Q

Organization of the Cerebral Cortex :

3 Functional Regions

A

Specific types of sensory, motor, and integrative signals are processed in certain regions of the cerebral cortex.

Sensory areas
Motor areas
Association areas

44
Q

ADD PHOTO OF CEREBRAL CORTEX AND FUNCTIONS

A

visual cortex / primary motor cortex / pre-motor cortex / visual association area / etc

45
Q

Summary or Cerebrum functions

cerebral cortex, corpus stratum, limbic system

A

Sensory areas of cerebral cortex are involved in perception of sensory information; motor areas control execution of voluntary movements; association areas deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, personality traits, and intelligence.

Corpus striatum helps initiate and terminate movements, suppresses unwanted movements, and regulates muscle tone.

Limbic system promotes range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger.

46
Q

Hemispheric Lateralization

A

Functional Differences between Right and Left Hemispheres

47
Q

Right hemisphere of the brain

A
  • right hemisphere receives right somatic signals from left side of body and vice versa
  • Music and artistic awareness
  • Space and pattern
  • Recognition of face
  • generate mental image to compare
  • generating and discriminating between odors
  • damage often have monotonous voice
48
Q

Left hemisphere of the brain

A
  • Numeric Scientific Skills
  • Reasoning
  • spoken and written language
  • emotional content of language
  • ability to use sign language
  • damage often exhibit : aphasia

Anatomy & Physiology // Georgian Acu // (15 decks)

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