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Anatomy & Physiology // Georgian Acu // > Week 2 // Chapter 7 // Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Week 2 // Chapter 7 // Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How do the bones of the axial skeleton contribute to homeostasis?

A

By protecting many of the body’s organs and
supporting the storage and release of calcium

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2
Q

How many bones are there in the human skeleton?

A

206

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3
Q

What are the two principal divisions of the human skeleton?

A 
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
and
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
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4
Q

Which bones are a part of the axial skeleton? (overview)

A 
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and sacrum
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5
Q

Which bones are a part of the appendicular skeleton? (overview)

A 
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) 
bones of the upper and lower extremities and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
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6
Q

What are the 5 main types of bones?

(shapes)

A

Long (greater length than width)
Short (cube shaped)
Flat (thin layers of parallel plates)
Irregular (complex shapes)
Sesamoid (shaped like a sesame seed)

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7
Q

What are sutures?

A

Sutures are the jointed areas where flat bones come together (skull)

It is an immoveable joint

  • Found in the skull holding bones, such as the temporal and parietal, together
  • Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous
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8
Q

What are sutural bones?

A

Sutural bones are small, extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones

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9
Q

Where are the following bones/ structures located?

Parietal Bone
Zygomatic
Temporal Bone
Frontal Bone
Occipital Bone
Mastoid Process

A
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10
Q

Bone depressions and openings

A

These bone surface markings

> allow the passage of soft tissues (nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, tendons)
> form joints

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11
Q

Bone processes

A

> Projections or outgrowths that form joints
> Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

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12
Q

Fissure

A

( a type of depression / opening)

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass.

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13
Q

Fossa

A

(depression / opening)

Shallow despression

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14
Q

Sulcus

A

(depression / opening)
Furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon.
See sulcus of humerus.

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15
Q

Meatus

A

(depression / opening)

Tubelike opening (ex. “External acoustic meatus” which is the ear hole in the skull on the temporal bone)

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16
Q

Condyle

A

(processes)
Large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone.
(the round prominence at the end of a bone)

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17
Q

Facet

A

(processes)
Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface.

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18
Q

Head

A

(processes)
Usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone.

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19
Q

Crest

A

(processes that attach to connective tissue)
Prominent ridge or elongated projection.

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20
Q

Epicondyle

A

Usually roughened projection on a condyle

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21
Q

Line

A

Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest)

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22
Q

Spinous process

A

Sharp, slender projection off the posterior (back) of each vertebra

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23
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large projection found only on the femur

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24
Q

Tubercle

A

Variably sized rounded projection (a small rounded point of a bone)

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25
Q

Tuberosity

A

Variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surface

(A moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach)

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26
Q

How many bones does the skull contain?

A

22 (not including the 3 middle ear bones in both ears)

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27
Q

Frontal Bone

A
28
Q

Parietal Bone

A
29
Q

Temporal Bone

A
30
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A
31
Q

Occipital Bone

A
32
Q

Zygomatic Bone

A
33
Q

Occipital Bone

A
34
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A
35
Q

Clinical Connection:

What is Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Dysfunction?

A
  • Dull pain around ear, tender jaw muscles, clicking noise when opening/closing mouth
  • Caused by by improperly aligned teeth, grinding of teeth, trauma to the head, arthritis, etc
  • Treatment includes moist heat or ice, soft foods and pain relievers
36
Q

Clinical Connection

Deviated Nasal Septum

A
  • Occurs when septum does not run along the midline of nasal cavity
  • Caused by trauma to the nose or developmental abnormality
  • May lead to infection, inflammation, congestion, headaches and nosebleeds
  • May require surgery to fix
37
Q

Vomer

A

the small, thin bone separating the left and right nasal cavities

38
Q

Maxilla

A

The maxilla (plural: maxillae) is the upper fixed part of the jaw. In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth.

39
Q

Mandible

A

The mandible is the lower jawbone (jaw) and is the largest and strongest facial bone. Other than the middle ear bones (auditory ossicles), it is the only moveable skull bone.

40
Q

Orbit

A

The bones around the eye. that form the eye socket

41
Q

Nasal Septum

A

Bone and hyaline cartilage that divides the two nostrils

42
Q

Fontanels

A

Areas of a fetus/baby’s skull where “unossified mesenchyme develops into dense connective tissue. “

(These are the baby’s soft spots where bone formation isn’t complete. They close by 2 years of age.)

43
Q

Hyoid bone

A

The hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. (Front of neck )

  • Does not articulate with any other bone
  • Supports the tongue and provides an attachment site for some muscles of the neck and pharynx
44
Q 
Vetebral column
(How mnay vertebrae? What does it protect?)
A

(Also known as the spinal column, backbone or spine)

  • Composed of 26 vertebrae divided into 5 regions
  • Protects the spinal cord
45
Q

How many regions does the vetebral column have?

A

5

46
Q

What are the regions of the vetebral column?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx

47
Q

Intervertebral Discs

(Where, what are they composed of, what do they do?)

A

Discs between bodies of the vertebrae from the second cervical to the sacrum.

Composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus) and an inner, soft nucleus (nucleus pulposus) with a layer of hyaline cartilage on the top and bottom of each disc

They absorb shock and separate the vertebrae from one another

48
Q

Transverse process and spinous process

A

Spinous process is a bony projection off the posterior (back) of each vertebra

Transverse process is a small bony projection off the right and left side of each vertebrae

49
Q

How many cervical veterbae?

A

7

(C1- C7)

50
Q

C1 and C2 are also called this

A

C1 The Atlas

C2 The Axis

51
Q

What do the Thoracic vertabrae do?

A

Support the ribs and have special structures for rib head and tubercle attachment

52
Q

How many Thoracic Vertabrae are there?

A

12

T1 - T12

53
Q

?how many lumbar vetebrae are there?

A

5

(These are the largest and strongest vertebrae)

54
Q

How many foramina do the Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar vertabrae have?

A

Cervical = 3 holes / One main vertebral foramen (large hole in middle) and two tranverse formamina (small holes on the side)

Thoracic = 1 / One main vertebral formen

Lumbar = 1 / One main vertebral foramen

55
Q

How many bones are in the Sacrum and Coccyx?

A

The triangular-shaped sacrum is part of the pelvic girdle and is composed of 5 vertebrae that fuse

The coccyx is much smaller than the sacrum but is also triangular in shape and is composed of 4 vertebrae that fuse

56
Q

What bones compose the Thorax?

A

The thorax is the entire chest region

The bones that compose the thoracic cage are the sternum, ribs and costal cartilages

57
Q

How many sections does the Sternum have?

A

The Sternum is composed of 3 segments:

  1. The upper manubrium
  2. The middle body
  3. The lower xiphoid process

(The sternum articulates with the clavicles and the costal cartilages)

58
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

59
Q

What do the ribs do?

A

The ribs provide structural support to the thoracic cavity

60
Q

What is a true rib?

A

A true rib’s cartilage is directly connected to the sternum

61
Q

Explain true, false and floating ribs

A

True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs/ pairs 1-7).
The costal cartilage from each of these ribs attaches directly to the sternum.

False ribs (vertebrochondral ribs / pairs 8-12).
The costal cartilages from these ribs do not attach directly to the sternum.
For ribs 8–10, the costal cartilages are attached to the cartilage of the next higher rib.

Floating ribs (The last two false ribs pair 11–12)
These do not attach to the sternum at all.

62
Q

What is a false rib?

A

A false rib (vertebrochondral) rib’s cartilage is indirectly connected to the sternum (connected to another rib instead)

63
Q

How many true, false and floating rib pairs do we have?

A

Most humans have 7, 5 and 2 pairs

64
Q

Vetebral column curve-related patholgies include

A
  • Scoliosis (increased lateral curvature) /side to side S
  • Kyphosis (increased thoracic curve—bent forward)
  • Lordosis (increased lumbar curve—bent backwards) / can happen in pregnancy
65
Q

Fractures of the vertebral column most commonly occur at

A

Fractures of the vertebral column most commonly occur at C1, C2, C4-T, and T12-L2

Spinal cord or nerve damage may occur as a result of a fracture

Anatomy & Physiology // Georgian Acu // (15 decks)

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