Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology // Georgian Acu // > Week 6 // The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Week 6 // The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system releases

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

endocrine system releases

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

After they are released, most hormones. go to….

A

blood.

They circulate through the blood and bind to receptors on “target cells”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which is closer to the site of release? Hormones or neurotransmitters?

A

Neurotransmitters are released close to the site of release. Hormones are farther away.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

time to onset of action (NT vs Hormones)

A

NT
Typically within milliseconds (thousandths of a second).
HORMONES
Seconds to hours or days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

duration of action (NT vs Hormones)

A 
Duration of action
NT
Generally briefer (milliseconds).
Hormones
Generally longer (seconds to days).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of target cells NT vs. Hormones

A

Types of target cells
Muscle (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal) fibers, gland cells, other neurons.
Cells throughout body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Exocrine glands secrete their products where? * pay attention

A

secrete their products into ducts
> None of these are hormones!
> Exocrine glands include sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, mucous glands, digestive glands and several others throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Exocrine glands secrete their products where? * pay attention

A

secrete their products into ducts
> None of these are hormones!
> Exocrine glands include sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, mucous glands, digestive glands and several others throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

Endocrine glands do not have ducts; instead they secrete their hormones directly into the interstitial fluid* that surrounds them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

interstitial fluid*

A

fluid that surrounds the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does the endocrine gland secrete the hormone?

A

The hormones diffuse into the blood stream through capillaries and are carried to target cells throughout the body

Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the endocrine gland secrete the hormone?

A

The hormones diffuse into the blood stream through capillaries and are carried to target cells throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endocrine glands include *

A

the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Exocrine glands include *

A

sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, mucous glands, digestive glands and several others throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Certain organs and tissues that are not part of the endocrine system also secrete hormones because they contain secreting cells. What are they?

A

Secreting cells can be found in the (hypothalamus, thymus,) pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue and placenta
heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the encdorcrine together with t he nervous system, maintain homeo. It regulates the

A

homostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Target cells

A

Hormones traveling throughout the body will only affect target cells that possess specific protein receptors for the hormone
Receptors are continually being synthesized and broken down
Receptors may be down-regulated in the presence of high concentrations of hormone
Receptors may be up-regulated in the presence of low concentrations of hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how can hormones only work on target cells?

A

Specific protein receptors for hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do receptors change over time?

A

They are continually synthesized and broken down.

  • Receptors may be down-regulated in the presence of high concentrations of hormone
  • Receptors may be up-regulated in the presence of low concentrations of hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Local hormones that don’t circulate are called

A

paracrine

22
Q

Hormones that work on the same cell that secretes them are called

A

autocrine.

23
Q

Hormones solvability *

A

Hormones are either lipid-soluble or water soluble

24
Q

Which hormones are lipid soluble? *

A

(steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide) or water-soluble (amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones, eicosanoid hormones

25
Q

Which hormones are water soluble? *

A

Water-soluble hormones circulate freely in the plasma

Lipid-soluble hormones circulate bound to transport proteins

26
Q

What is plasma?

A

Liquid inside the blood.

27
Q

How is hormone secretion controlled? *

A

Hormones are secreted in short bursts when needed
Secretion is regulated by:

  • Signals from the nervous system
  • Chemical changes in the blood
  • Other hormones
28
Q

Most hormone regulation is achieved via negative or positive feedback?

A

Most hormone regulation is achieved via negative feedback

Only a few hormones operate via positive feedback.

29
Q

These two glands work together to control other endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

30
Q

Anterior lobe of pituitary makes up _____ % of weight of pituitary gland

A

The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) makes up 75% of the weight of the pituitary gland

31
Q

Anterior lobe secretes ____ hormones

A

7

32
Q

The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) is made of _______ and releases____ hormones made by the hypothalamus

A

The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) is made of neural tissue and releases two hormones made by the hypothalamus

33
Q

Hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland secretion this way.

A

The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the release of hormones by the pituitary gland

They reach the pituitary gland via the hypophyseal portal system

34
Q

Most plentiful hormone in anterior pituitary gland is this:

A

Human growth hormone (hGH) is the most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone

35
Q

hGH is released this often

A

It is released in bursts every few hours by somatotrophs

Their activity is controlled by two hypothalamic hormones: growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

36
Q

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland (no need to study)

A 
In summary, the anterior pituitary gland secretes: 
Human growth hormone (hGH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
37
Q

Does the posterior pituitary synthesize hormones?

A

No.

The posterior pituitary gland does not synthesize any hormones, but stores and releases from axon terminals two hormones produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus: 
Oxytocin (OT)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
38
Q

ADH Antidiuretic hormone (major function)

A

more or less urine (More ADH, less urine)

ADH decreases urine output as part of a negative feedback loop where osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor blood osmotic pressure

An increase in blood volume causes a decrease in ADH secretion
A decrease in blood volume causes an increase in ADH secretion

39
Q

Oxytocin (major function)

A

Oxytocin is released in response to stretch placed on the cervix during childbirth.
Oxytocin affects the:
Mother’s uterus – enhances contractions
Mother’s breasts – stimulates milk ejection by the mammary glands in response to suckling

40
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea

It has right and left lateral lobes connected by an isthmus
Some glands also have a pyramidal lobe projecting from the isthmus

41
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Follicular cells are stimulated by TSH to produce T4 and T3

Parafollicular cells produce the hormone Calcitonin to help regulate calcium homeostasis

42
Q

Function of Thyroid hormones

A

Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Help maintain normal body temperature
Stimulate protein synthesis
Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
Upregulate beta (β) receptors that attach to catecholamines
Work with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth

43
Q

Parathyroid hormone major function

A

Stimulates release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream, Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines, Conservation of calcium by the kidneys.

44
Q

calcitonin

A

Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone.

45
Q

Suprarenal Glands

A

Secretes

  • mineralocorticoids: used to regulate mineral homeostasis Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland. It helps regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis
  • glucocorticoids that affect glucose homeostasis
  • weak androgens
46
Q

Suprarenal glands glucocorticoid function:

A 
They help control:
Protein breakdown
Glucose formation
Lipolysis
Resistance to stress
Inflammation 
Immune responses
47
Q

Androgen produced by Suprarenal Glands

A

DHEA
Almost no effect in males
Libido in women (converted to estrogens)
In menopausal women, all female estrogens come from adrenal androgens

48
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A

Pancreatic islets are groups of cells in your pancreas. Islets contain several types of cells, including beta cells that make the hormone insulin.

The pancreas is located in the curve of the duodenum
It is both an endocrine and exocrine gland

49
Q
  • caciitrol
A

Calcitriol* (active form of vitamin D)
Aids in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus.

*Synthesis begins in the skin, continues in the liver, and ends in the kidneys.

50
Q
  • Calcitriol
A

Calcitriol* (active form of vitamin D)
Aids in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus.

*Synthesis begins in the skin, continues in the liver, and ends in the kidneys.

51
Q

Types of stress

A

Eustress is helpful, everyday stress that prepares us to meet challenges
Distress is any type of harmful stress that may be damaging

52
Q

Stages of stress response

A

The fight-or-flight response (first stage of the stress response) stimulates the body’s resources to prepare for immediate activity

The resistance reaction is the second stage in the stress response and lasts longer than the fight-or-flight response

If this lasts too long, exhaustion will result

Anatomy & Physiology // Georgian Acu // (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions