Final Exam Questions (all) Flashcards
What are the functions of the kidney?
final
Regulate blood volume and composition,
help regulate blood pressure,
synthesize glucose,
release erythropoietin,
participate in vitamin D synthesis,
excrete wastes in urine.
What are the components of the urinary system?
final exam
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What is the meaning of rental hilum?
final
It is the entrance (a depression) in the kidney for:
Rental artery
Renal vein
Ureter
Nerves
Lymphatics
Which structures of the nephron in kidney reabsorbs the most substances?
final
Nephron Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PTC)
The attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone is called the ________; the attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone is called the ________.
Mid-term
origin
insertion
The attachment at the immovable end is referred to as the origin and at the moveable end, the insertion.
Motion will occur at a lever system when
a) resistance at the insertion exceeds the load.
b) the force of the contraction is not more than the load.
c) effort at the origin exceeds the load.
d) effort at the insertion exceeds the load.
Mid-term
d) effort at the insertion exceeds the load.
What is the major hormone that regulates water loss?
Final exam
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Glucose that is not immediately needed is stored as
mid-term
glycogen
What % of urine is water?
final
95%
What is the percentage of resting cardiac output received by the kidneys?
final
20-25%
The process that stores glucose as glycogen is called
mid-term
glycogenesis
When ATP is needed for the body’s activities,
stored glycogen is broken down by a process called
mid-term
glycogenolysis
What are oxidation and reduction?
mid-term and final
Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.
Reduction is the addition of an electron.
What factors affect metabolic rate / heat production?
- Exercise
- Hormones
- Nervous system
- Body temperature
- Ingestion of food
- Age
- Gender, climate, sleeping, malnutrition
Where in the. body are sperm produced?
final exam
seminiferous tubules of the testes (spermatogenesis)
What is the function of the epididymus?
The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that stores sperm and transports it from the testes
o Sperm mature in the epididymis and degenerated sperm are reabsorbed
o The epididymis propels sperm into the ductus (vas) deferens
What is the location and function of seminal vesicle?
final exam
The seminal vesicles are a pair of glands along the back of the bladder base in men : above prostate, behind the bladder, in front of rectum. Main function is to produce a fluid (alkaline, viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins) that makes up semen.
Provides sperm with a source of energy to help them move.
What are produced in and released from the ovaries?
final exam
Gametes (mature into ova) and hormones (progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, relaxin)
What waste product is normally excreted by the Kidneys?
final
Urine
What structure attaches the ovaries and the uterus to the pelvic wall?
final exam
The suspensory ligaments (borad ligament) ttach each ovary to the pelvic sidewall. The ovarian ligaments, which connect each ovary to the lateral side of the uterus, do not contain any blood vessels. These are also known as the utero-ovarian ligaments or the proper ovarian ligaments
Where is the site of fertilization?
final exam
fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)
What hormone promotes the final step of spermatogenesis?
final exam
Testosterone
What is a reduction reaction?
Oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.
Reduction: gaining one or more electrons
What process describes the synthesis of triglycerides
final exam
Synthesis of triglycerides from glucose and fatty acids is called lipogenesis.
What factors affect the metabolic rate and the rate of heat production?
final exam
Exercise
Hormones
Nervous system
Body temperature
Ingestion of food
Age
Gender, climate, sleeping, malnutrition
What makes up the largest single component of the human body?
final exam
water
What is the main factor that determines water loss?
final exam
Urinary salt loss
What hormones are used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys?
final exam
Aldosterone & ADH
What product is produced when electrons are accepted by oxygen during aerobic respiration?
final
water
What is the response of our body to decreasing blood pressure?
final exam
When blood pressure drops too low, the rate of baroreceptor firing decreases. This triggers an increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart, causing cardiac output to increase. Higher heart rate. It also triggers sympathetic stimulation of the peripheral vessels, resulting in vasoconstriction. Production of angiotensin II, Angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), epinephrine.†
What’s the major hormone that regulates water loss?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Most abundant mineral in body?
final
Calcium
Your friend nods “yes” to you, going through flexion, extension and hyperextension.
This movement at the fulcrum represents a
first- class lever system
The muscle that serves as the “prime mover” during a movement is called the
agonist
The rhomboid major is named for what characteristics?
Size and shape
When the knee is being flexed, what is the fulcrum?
Knee joint
During knee flexion, what is the effort?
Contraction of hamstring muscle group
Which of these muscles flexes the thigh at the hip joint alone,
but extends the knee working in a group?
Rectus femoris
(Only quadricep muscle that crosses the hip)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/292/671/a_image_thumb.png?1639545754)
Which muscle in this figure can abduct, medially and laterally rotate, and extend the arm at the glenohumeral joint?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/292/752/q_image_thumb.png?1639175860)
c) F
The Deltoid
Which muscle in this image produces the effort when you plantar flex to see over a taller person in front of your view?
b) D
plantaris
Which describes the study of the functions of body structures?
Physiology
A group of cells that work together to perform a particular function is a
tissue
The two organ systems that predominantly regulate and maintain homeostasis are the
nervous and endocrine systems
Which body fluid fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues?
Interstitial fluid
Which letters in this figure identify the serratus anterior? Select all that apply
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/293/361/q_image_thumb.png?1639176464)
C + G
Which muscles in this figure compress the abdomen? Select all that apply.
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/293/533/q_image_thumb.png?1639176924)
E & H
External Oblique
Transverse abdominus
Hormonal or electrical signals are sent from the control center to the
effectors
A component that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in blood would be the
receptor
If blood concentrations of thyroid hormones increase above a certain level, Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the hypothalamus are inhibited and stop secreting TRH. This is an example of
negative feedback or positive feedback?
negative feedback
Which cavity contains the heart?
Pericardial cavity
The function of the secretions of the pleura is to
reduce friction between neighboring organs
) Cutting the body in half at the diaphragm, would create the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. What plane would create these halves?
Transverse
When holding your arms out to the side at shoulder level,
your fingers are ________ from your midline
a) medial
b) anterior
c) proximal
d) posterior
e) lateral
e) lateral
Which muscle in this figure elevates and adducts the scapula?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/294/655/q_image_thumb.png?1639177488)
I - Rhomboid major
(rhomboid minor also does this)
Which muscles in this figure flex the forearm? Select all that apply.
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/294/933/q_image_thumb.png?1639177884)
A+C
brachioradialis
Where is the sartorius?
C
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/295/371/a_image_thumb.png?1639178285)
Which three muscles make up the hamstring?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/295/506/q_image_thumb.png?1639178430)
L, M, N
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus.
Biceps femoris.
Which muscles help move the jaw during mastication?
Masseter, temporalis, pterygoid (medial and lateral)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/295/602/a_image_thumb.png?1639546630)
Which muscle is this?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/295/627/q_image_thumb.png?1639203780)
Masseter
(Temporalis top)
Which muscles are these?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/317/984/q_image_thumb.png?1639546817)
Pterygoid muscles
(lateral pterygoid at top and medial pterygoid below)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/366/317/984/a_image_thumb.png?1639546791)
What are the four major elements found in the chemicals that comprise the human body?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen